410 Chapter 12 Adverbs and adverbial clauses
(99) Mare ngakan, ebu'-eng pas mandhi.
finish AV.eat mother-DEF then AV.bathe
‘Having finished eating, their mother then bathed.’
(100) Aher-ra mare a-massa' pas bagi dha' tamoy-ya jiya,ka-senneng-gan
end-DEF finish AV-cook then give to guest-DEF this AD-happy
tamoy-ya.
guest-DEF
‘Eventually, after they cooked everything and gave it to the guests, the
guests were very content.’
It is conceivable that some of these clauses can be analyzed as coordinate struc-
tures, thus (100) might be translated as ‘Eventually, they finished cooking eve-
rything and giving it to the guests, and the guests were very contented’. Howev-
er, in (99), the null pronoun in the first clause is bound by the subject of the
second clause, which favors an analysis of the first clause as a dependent clause,
in which case the antecedent commands the subject position of the first clause.
See Chapter 13 for further discussion of anaphora.
The anteriority of the adverbial clause can also be indicated through the
use of one of the subordinating conjunctions meaning ‘when’ or ‘while’ and a
perfective subordinate clause. This is illustrated in (101) and (102).
(101) San la dhapa' dha' Bliga, rato Bliga lo' laju gubar
when already arrive to Bliga king Bliga not directly go.home
dha' kraton.
to palace
‘After arriving in Bliga, the King of Bliga did not go directly to the
palace.’
(102) Dheng la olle edi dhari Balanda, nyorot pole.
when already get permission from Dutch AV.follow again
‘After he got permission from the Dutch, he started to worry again.’
The adverb la ‘already’ marked the adverbial clauses as perfective, thus the
state of affairs described in those clauses is true at the same time as the state of
affairs described in the main clause. Thus, a more literal translation of (101)
might be ‘When he had arrived in Bliga,...’, which indicates that the arriving is
complete when the action of the main clause takes place.
The prepositional-type element sampe' ‘until’–which can denote a tem-
poral or locative endpoint, as in sampe' sateya ‘until now’ (Chapter 8, section
1.5)–can also denote a temporal endpoint when it introduces an adverbial
clause, as in (103) and (104).