412 Chapter 12 Adverbs and adverbial clauses
(107) Sa-dhateng-nga Siti, Ita mangkat.
SA-come-DEF Siti Ita leave
‘After Siti arrived, Ita left.’
(108) Sa-entar-ra ebu'-na Siti, Hasan mole.
SA-go-DEF mother-DEF Siti Hasan go.home
‘After Siti’s mother went, Hasan went home.’
Structurally, these adverbial clauses are nominalizations, the agent taking the
role of possessor, so that (107) should perhaps be more literally translated as
‘After Siti’s coming, Ita left’.
For some speakers, only a small set of intransitive verbs denoting arrival
and departure are possible roots for these adverbials, similar to the type of re-
striction noted by Sneddon (1996) for the cognate structure in Indonesian.
However, for other speakers the structure is much more productive and can be
used with two- and three-place predicates, as in (109) and (110).
(109) %Sa-mokol-la Hasan dha' Ali,Ita buru.
SA-hit-DEF Hasan to Ali Ita run
‘After Hasan hit Ali, Ita ran away.’
(110) %Sa-ngerem-ma bungkosan dhari Kanada, Marlena lo' andhi' pesse.
SA-AV.send-DEF package from Canada Marlena not have money
‘After sending a package from Canada, Marlena had no money.’
3.6 Parataxis
Adverbial clauses can be linked to a matrix clause by simple juxtaposition.
While the subject of the clauses need not be identical, it is frequently the case
that a close association is made between them. This is illustrated in (111), in
which a causal dependency is established between the two clauses.
(111) Sapora-na, Ma' Buta, kula entar d.ha' kanna' bad.ha parlo-na,
forgive-IRR father giant I go to here exist need-DEF
Ma' Buta.
father giant
‘Forgive me, Father Giant, I came here because I need something.’
In (111), the two clauses kula entar dha' kanna' ‘I came here’ and badha parlo-
na ‘there is something I need’ are simply juxtaposed in the sentence but the
second clause is linked to the first as a causal clause. Likewise, in (112) and
(113), dependencies are established between two juxtaposed clauses