INDEX 349
protostars 276–9
Ptolemy, Claudius 18, 19, 21, 22, 23,
24–5, 27, 30, 31, 34, 35, 36, 37,
38, 39, 46, 47, 64, 71, 79, 86, 87
pulsars 181, 205, 236–9, 269
pulsating variables 134
Purcell, E. M. 210
Pythagoras 18, 52, 71Q
quadrants 25, 45
quantum mechanics 111, 144, 150
quantum physics 111, 141, 145, 283
quantum theory 198, 225, 255, 258,
272, 303
quark 181
quasars 14, 185, 204, 205, 218–21,
236–9, 269, 296
Queloz, Didier 259, 290–95R
radial velocity 115, 160, 175–6, 290,
291, 292
radiation 112, 140, 190–91, 282–3, 304
radio astronomy 179 , 190, 204–5,
218–21
radio galaxies 185
radio waves 145, 179, 185, 190, 218,
237, 239
radioactive decay 111, 252, 253
radioactivity 111, 140, 166
Ramsay, William 116
Reber, Grote 179, 190, 218, 338
red dwarfs 127, 279
red giants 49, 126, 127, 128, 182
redshift 102, 144, 159, 160, 174, 175, 176,
220, 270, 274 –5, 282, 284, 302
Rees, Martin 297
Reilly, Edith 200
Reines, Frederick 252
relativity, general theory of 14, 68, 73, 106,
107, 144, 146–53, 154, 161, 167, 168,
169, 181, 182, 220, 259, 268, 303, 328
Rhea 65
Richter, Hermann Eberhard 230
Riess, Adam 296, 300–303
Roberts, Isaac 110, 336
robotics 14, 204, 233, 263, 320–25Newton, Isaac 68 , 90
comets 75–7
law of gravity 14, 22, 43, 52, 55, 66–73,
75, 92, 106, 118, 148, 268, 269, 328
laws of motion 70, 76, 148, 151
Philosophiae Naturalis Principia
Mathematica 20, 68, 70, 76, 92
reflecting telescope 58, 84, 326
on universe 169
NGC 4565 160
night sky 12, 58, 100–101
Norton, Arthur 79
novae 180
Noyes, Robert 213
nuclear fusion 144, 166–7, 182–3, 199,
252, 278–9, 302
nucleosynthesis 196, 198–9
O
observatories
early 13
in European capitals 44
space 192–5
see also by name
Olbers, Heinrich Wilhelm/Olbers’ paradox
97, 99, 169, 171
Olympus Mons (Mars) 72
Oort, Jan 74, 164, 165, 204, 206 , 268, 270,
286, 312
Oort Cloud 204, 206 , 286, 312
Öpik, Ernst 182, 206, 338
Opportunity rover 320, 323–4, 325
optical luminosity 135
orange dwarfs 127, 279, 295
orbital resonance 92–3
Orbiting Astronomical Observatories
(OAO) 192–3, 205
Orion nebula 110
P
Palermo Circle 97, 98
Palitzsch, Johann 77
Palomar Observatory (California) 100,
175, 218
Papacosta, Pangratios 137
parallax, stellar 36, 38, 46, 47, 63, 78, 83,
102 , 132
Pathfinder spacecraft 322
Pauli, Wolfgang 178, 252
Pauli Exclusion Principle 178
Payne-Gaposchin, Cecilia 116, 124, 144,
162–3
Peebles, James 179, 224–7
Penrose, Roger 205, 255, 339
Penzias, Arno 196, 204, 226
Perlmutter, Saul 158, 296, 300–303
Perrin, Jean Baptiste 182
perturbation 106–7, 152, 330
Philae lander 309–11
Philolalus of Craton 21
photography 58, 99, 110, 118 –19, 120–21,
192
photons 217, 282
Piazzi, Giuseppe 82, 83, 90, 96–9
Pic du Midi observatory (France) 117
Pickering, Edward C 120–21, 124, 125,
128, 133, 135
Pigott, Edward 48, 86
Pioneer spacecraft 232, 233, 234
Plancius, Petrus 79
Planck, Max 111, 138, 283
Planck Space Observatory 174, 177,
282, 285
planetary migration 312–13
planetary motion 18, 32–9, 42–3, 44–7,
52–5, 92
planetary nebulae 115
planetary science 15
planetesimals 313
planets
exploration of 260–67
extrasolar 195, 259, 288–95, 305
formation of 250–51, 279
habitable 294–5
shape of 72
see also by name
Plaskett, Harry Hemley 213
Plato 18, 20, 52
plutinos 287
Pluto 312
discovery of 84, 118, 145, 184, 286,
314, 315
exploration of 259, 262, 263, 264, 308,
314 –17
moons 317
reclassification of 99, 184, 287, 314, 315
Poe, Edgar Allen 105
Poincaré, Henri 92
Pope, Alexander 70
positrons 140
pre-main-sequence stars (PMS) 279
primeval atom 170–71, 196–7, 224, 272
protogalaxies 241
protons 151, 166, 183, 196–7