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DIRECTORY 339

such as the Hawaiian chain, where the

date of each island is already known

with some accuracy. Most of her work

is focused on the evolution of spider

species. Gillespie is based at the

University of California, Berkeley, where

she runs the EvoLab, a research group

that focuses on arthropods, such as

spiders and insects.

See also: Thermoregulation in insects

126–127 ■ Island biogeography 144–149

HARVEY LOCKE

1959–

Born in Calgary, Canada, Locke trained

and practiced as a lawyer before

switching to full-time conservation

work in 1999. He is committed to areas

of ecology known as large landscape

and connectivity conservation, which

involve the connection of all lands,

whether urban or wild, across a wide

network. Locke was a founder of the

Yellowstone to Yukon Conservation

Initiative, which campaigns to create

a continuous wildlife corridor between

those two areas of North America. In

2009, Locke also cofounded the Nature

Needs Half movement, which advocates

for the protection of half of Earth’s land

and water area by 2050. Locke argues

that this policy is necessary to avoid

a sixth mass extinction on Earth.

See also: Mass extinctions 218–223

MAJORA CARTER

1966–

When her dog led her through a

degraded brownfield site to the banks

of the Bronx River, in her native New

York City, Carter realized the potential

for the regeneration of this area. She

won funding from the city council to

develop Hunts Point Riverside Park on

the site, providing a natural retreat and

river access for locals. Subsequently

her organization, Sustainable South

Bronx (SSBx), advocated and won

support for “green” urban renewal in

disadvantaged communities elsewhere

in New York. SSBx also campaigns to

improve air quality and food choices.

See also: The Green Movement 308–309

SARAH HARDY

1974–

Hardy is an American marine biologist

and polar explorer who studies the effect

on the environment of deep-ocean

mining. She argues that to protect

marine communities and biodiversity

it is important to develop a systematic

approach to the zoning of the oceans—

with deep-sea marine protection areas a

priority. Hardy studied marine biology at

the University of California and earned

her Ph.D. in oceanography at the

University of Hawaii in 2005.

See also: A plastic wasteland 284–285

KATEY WALTER ANTHONY

1976–

Based at the University of Alaska,

Walter Anthony is an aquatic

ecosystems ecologist specializing in

polar environments. She has studied

carbon dioxide and methane emissions

from lakes in the North American

Arctic. In 2017, she discovered that

unusually large amounts of methane

were escaping from an Arctic lake,

where the gas was seeping into the

water from greater depths than

previously discovered. If replicated

elsewhere, such emissions from

reserves deep in the permafrost could

produce a dramatic increase in the

amount of methane in the atmosphere.

See also: The Keeling Curve 240–241

AUTUMN PELTIER

2004–

Peltier, a member of the Wikwemikong

First Nation who lives in Ontario,

Canada, is a campaigner for clean

drinking water, arguing that humanity

should treat water with greater respect.

In 2018, at the age of 13, she was one

of the youngest people ever to speak

to the UN General Assembly. Here, she

advocated the policy that “No child

should grow up not knowing what clean

drinking water is, or never know what

running water is.”

See also: The water crisis 286–291

interaction of climate change, human

activity, and ecosystems. Her work has

particularly focused on the movement

of water and chemicals through

ecosystems. Grimm is a past president

of the Ecological Society of America

and a senior scientist on the US Global

Climate Change Research Program.

See also: Ecosystem services 328–329

TIM FLANNERY

1956–

One of Australia’s most prominent

environmentalists, Flannery earned

a Ph.D. in 1984 from the University of

New South Wales for his work on

kangaroo evolution. He later built

a reputation as a mammalogist,

discovering several new species, and

as an expert on climate change. He

was chief commissioner of the Climate

Commission, an Australian government

body, and champions renewable energy.

See also: Renewable energy 300–305

SUSAN KAMINSKYJ

1956–

From her laboratory at the University

of Saskatchewan, Canada, Kaminskyj—

a cell biologist and mycologist—has

pioneered the use of fungi to clean

oil-contaminated site, in a process

known as bioremediation. Kaminskyj

and her team found that when seeds

are treated with a fungus named

TSTh20-1, plants can establish in the

substrate of such land and clean the

soil as they grow.

See also: Ubiquity of mycorrhizae

104–105 ■ Pollution 230–235

ROSEMARY GILLESPIE

1957–

Scottish-born Gillespie studied zoology

at the University of Edinburgh before

moving to the US to earn her Ph.D. at

the University of Tennessee. She is

known particularly for investigations

into what drives biodiversity at species

level, concentrating her evolution

research on “hotspot archipelagos”

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