701 b. An important early study of ethnic conditions beyond Fengtian is Wada
Sei,“Natives of the Lower Reaches of the Amur,” 41 – 102.
11 Manbun rōtō, 2 : 644. This new regulation was put into practice a day later;
ibid, 2 : 645 – 46.
12 Liu Xiaomeng,Manzu cong buluo dao guojia, 264 – 68 , 344 – 47.
13 Qingchu neiguo shiyuan Manwen dang’an, 1 : 46.
14 Da Qing huidian (KX), 727 : 6593 – 94.
15 Qingchu neiguo shiyuan Manwen dang’an, 1 : 157 , 159 , 173 , 178 , 179 ,
215 – 16 ; Guan Jialu et al., eds., Tiancongjiunian dang, 117. For a studies of
Qing-Korean conflict, see Kim,“Ginseng and Border Trespassing,” 33 – 61 ;Li
Huazi,Qingchao yu Chaoxian guanxi, 14 – 26.
16 Peng SunyiShang zhong wenjian lu, 3 : 9 ; Yang Hu,Mingdai Liaodong dusi,
133 ; Symons, Ch’ing Ginseng Management, 9 – 10. “Marten”here and
throughout is used for the Chinese termdiaowhen it occurs in a context that
may not exclusively refer to sable (martes zibellina), which shared northeast-
ern habitats with other species of the genusmartes, such as the less-prized
yellow-throated marten.
17 Guan Jialu,Tiancong jiunian dang, 91.
18 Liaodong zhi(Jiajing), 559 a; QSL, TM 1 / 6 / 1 , 1 : 65 b.
19 Korean records from the 1540 s into the 1590 s reveal violent clashes with
Jurchen violating Korean space in efforts to poach valuable ginseng and hunt;
Chŏson wangjo sillok, Chungjong (Zhongzong) era, 36. 12. 28 (Western date
January 13 , 1542 ) 18. 537 b– 538 a; Myŏngjong (Mingzong) era, 3. 9. 14 (West-
ern date October 15 , 1548 ) 19. 613 a; Sŏnjo (Xuanzu) era, 28. 8. 23 (Western
date September 26 , 1595 ) 22. 545 b– 546 a and 28. 10. 7 (Western date Novem-
ber 8 , 1595 ) 22 : 575 a and 28. 11. 7 (Western date 12. 7. 1595 ) 22. 593 b and
29. 1. 30 (Western date February 27 , 1596 ) 22. 640 a– 44 b and 29. 2. 29 (West-
ern date March 27 , 1596 ) 22. 653 b– 654 a.
20 Chŏson wangjo sillok, Chungjong (Zhongzong) era, 31. 1. 6 (Western date
January 28 , 1536 ) 17. 628 b– 629 a.
21 For the complex relations between Manchu identity and the historical space of
Manchuria, see Elliott,“The Limits of Tartary,” 603 – 46.
22 Edmonds,“The Willow Palisade,” 599. For a survey of quarantine, see Zhang
Jie and Zhang Danhui,Qingdai dongbei, 295 – 305.
23 Barnard,“Hunter-Gatherers in History, 4 – 5. For general discussions, see
Stiles “The Hunter-Gatherer Revisionist Debate,” 13 – 17 ; Bird-David,
“Beyond the‘Hunting and Gathering Mode of Subsistence’,” 19 – 22.
24 QSL,QL 42 / 6 / 21 , 21 : 868 a–b. For the significance of hunting preserves in
particular for Manchu identity and the Qing imperial order, see Menzies,
Forest and Land Management in Imperial China, 55 – 64 ; Ning,“The Lifa-
nyuan and the Inner Asian Rituals,” 60 – 92.
25 Liaoshi, 1 : 148.
26 QSL,TC 5 / 6 / 9 , 9 / 6 / 25 ,CD 7 / 6 / 5 , 2 : 123 a, 311 a, 830 a.
27 QSL,SZ 8 / 2 / 28 , 3 : 424 b.
28 Ding Guangling, Qingchao qianqi liumin, 39 – 44 ; Wakeman,The Great
Enterprise, 1 : 469 – 75 ; Ma Fengchen,“Manchu-Chinese Social and Economic
Conflicts.”
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