29 QSL,DG 2 /i.c. 3 / 5 , 33 : 569 a;Kangxi chao Manwen zhupi,# 3706 ,p. 1537 ;
MWLF, QL 16 / 5 / 13 [ 03 - 0172 - 0684 - 001 ]. Thefish fry included sturgeon (Ma:
kirfu), Siberian salmon (Ma:niomošon), and chum salmon (Ma:dafaha).
30 Da Qing huidian shili(GX), 12 : 680 a–b; Qi Meiqin,“Guanyu Shengjing
Neiwufu,” 98 – 100 ; Isett,State, Peasant and Merchant, 56.
31 Tong Yonggong,“Qingdai Shengjing shang san qi bao-yi,” 224 – 26 ; Tong
Yonggong,“ShengjingNeiwufude sheli,” 221. ForNeiwufuoverviews, see
Torbert,The Ch’ing Imperial Household Department; Qi Meiqin,Qingdai
Neiwufu.
32 Shengjing also maintainedfive boards corresponding to the traditional Six
Boards, minus the Board of Personnel. Thefive sometimes overlapped with the
Shengjing branch’s management; Xie Huijun,“Qingdai Shengjing cheng
liubu,” 54 – 58.
33 Da Qing Huidian shili(JQ), 700 : 7940 – 41 ; Hei-tu dang, KX 5 : 40. 56 – 59 ;
8 : 23. 72 – 73.
34 Da-sheng Wu-la zhidian quanshu, 14 , 96 – 97 ; Da Qing huidian (KX),
727 : 6594 – 95.
35 Huidian shili(GX), 6 : 1041 a. For ethnographic contexts, see Juha Janhunen,
Manchuria: An Ethnic History, 115 , 126 ; Zhou Xifeng,Qingchao qianqi
Heilongjiang, 187 – 202. Matsuura,Shinchōno Amūru, 330 – 32.
36 (Qingding)Baqi tongzhi, 2 : 1265 - 68 ; Cong Peiyuan,Dongbei sanbao, 76 – 80.
For suggestive analyses of climate and corresponding species variation in
Manchuria’s boreal subzone, see Grishin“The Boreal Forests of North-
Eastern Eurasia,” 17 – 19 ; Yang and Xu,“Biodiversity Conservation in Chang-
bai,” 887 – 89.
37 Using a ratio of 0. 5 kilometer/li, Butha Ula, with a perimeter of over four
hundred li, would cover an area of roughly sixty-four hundred square
kilometers.
38 Da-sheng Wu-la zhidian quanshu, 23 – 25 ; Da Qing huidian (YZ),
787 : 13 , 434 – 35.
39 Baqi tongzhi, 1 : 527. During the Kangxi reign Butha Ula garrison troops
numbered between an initial seven hundred in 1670 and a peak of over
thirty-nine hundred around 1692 (ibid.).
40 QSL,KX 11 / 5 / 21 , 5 : 32 a–b.
41 Niu Pinghan,Qingdai zhengqu yan’ge zongbiao, 95 , 110.
42 QSL,TM 9 / 10 / 13 , 2 : 330 b– 31 a, CD 1 / 4 / 11 , 360 b– 361 a.
43 For Russia’s Siberian expansion, see Lantzeff and Pierce,Eastward to Empire;
Forsyth,A History of the Peoples of Siberia; Ledonne,The Grand Strategy of
the Russian Empire, 29 – 37 , 74 – 81 , 122 – 23 , 130 – 31 , 220 – 21.
44 For studies of Sino-Russian relations in this period, see Sun Xi and Zhang
Weihua,Qing qianqi Zhong-E guanxi guanxi; Mancall,Russia and China.
45 NFY, KX 2 – 1676 : 74 – 79. The move involved peoples and livestock resident in
the Sungari, Hūrha, Wengkin, Bahūrin, and Sumuru regions.
46 Although technically known as the“Tsardom of Muscovy”or“of Russia”
during this period, Russia was an expansionist Eurasian empire in the making.
Empire was not formally declared until 1721 ; Russia’s Conquest of
Siberia, xxxv.
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