27 Da Qing huidian shili(GX), 11 : 893 b- 894 b; MWLF, QL 15 / 7 / 4 [ 03 – 171 –
0374 – 008 ], QL 15 / 7 / 4 [ 03 – 171 – 0374 - 009 ]. Shunzhi-era lashing penalties for
shortfalls are listed in the Kangxi and Yongzheng editions of theHuidian,but
are not present inDa Qing huidian shili(JQ), which generally omitsTaipusi
Shunzhi statutes;Da Qing huidian(KX), 730 : 7625 – 26 ;Da Qing huidian(YZ),
789 : 15 , 319 – 20. Both the Manchu documents cited herein, however, attest to the
ongoing employment of the whip on herders of the lowest rank.
28 There is some uncertainty regarding the precise date these quotas werefixed.
Da Qing huidian shili(GX) states that the Shangdu/Dabsun Nuur quota of
210 , 000 head wasfixed in 1705 and the Dariganga quota of one hundred
thousand head wasfixed in 1717 ; 12 : 1013 b. A 1743 pasture report states
both quotas werefixed in 1705 ; MWLF, QL 8 / 11 / 4 [ 03 - 175 - 1560 - 004 ].
Another report dated 1741 refers to Dariganga’s set number of eightyflocks,
a regulationfigure not mentioned in the statues; MWLF, QL 6 / 10 / 5 [ 03 - 172 -
0673 - 001 ].
29 MWLF, QL 19 / 9 / 6 [ 03 - 172 - 0687 - 002 ]. Estimates of 1. 2 percent and 5 percent
both exclude the outlying, and probably inaccurate,figures for Dariganga in
QL 4 / 10 / 6. The truth probably lies in between them, although likely closer to 5
percent.
30 MWLF, QL 1 / 8 / 7 [ 03 - 171 - 0358 - 010 ]. Statutory quotas do not accurately
reflect the actual number of livestock that could be grazing in a herd area.
The 1730 mare herd camel population in the report, for example, averages
270 head per herd, well over the 1707 statutory range of between one and two
hundred head.
31 Xiao et al.,“Sensitivity of Inner Mongolia Grasslands to Climate Change,”
643 ; Committee on Scholarly Communication with the People’s Republic of
China, ed.,Grasslands and Grassland Sciences, 11 , 17 ; Brown et al.,Sustain-
able Development, 27. For a summary of grassland study in China, see Le
Kang et al.,“Grassland Ecosystems in China,” 997 – 1008.
32 Goulden et al.,“The Geology, Climate and Ecology of Mongolia,” 91 ; Xu Ke,
Qingbai leichao, 1 : 46.
33 Committee on Scholarly Communication,Grasslands and Grassland Sciences,
11 ; Brown et al.,Sustainable Development, 29 – 30 ; Goulden,“The Geology,
Climate and Ecology of Mongolia,” 93.
34 Sternberg et al.,“Pressurised Pastoralism,” 365.
35 Sternberg et al.,“Pressurised Pastoralism,” 365 , 371 ; Sun Quanzhu,“Nei-
menggu ziran huanjing de yanbian,” 3 – 4 ; Goulden,“The Geology, Climate
and Ecology of Mongolia,” 91.
36 Wang Yejian and Huang Yingjue,“Qingdai Zhongguo qihou bianqian,” 5 ,
8 – 9. The Little Ice Age as aglobally synchronousperiod of anomalous cold
climate has been called into question; Folland et al., eds.,Climate Change
2001 , 133 – 36. Evidence, however, that China in general, including Inner
Mongolia, underwent a marked cooling period, which the literature generally
terms“the Little Ice Age,”continues to emerge; see, for example, Yongming
Han et al.,“Atmospheric Cu and Pb Deposition,” 172 – 73.
37 A number of complex problems and exceptions qualify any absolute assertion
of the validity of either nonequilibrium or steady state rangeland models;
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