identity as it regimented variousindigenous peoples as New Manchus
intogūsabanner units. This mobilization,however, also initiated the
substantial alienation of these peoples from their previous environmen-
tal relations. Moreover, this alienation continued even after the success-
ful Qing integration of its Manchurian borderland. Integration, in turn,
promoted both greater Han migration into southern Manchuria and
imperial foraging’s bureaucratized hunting and gathering practices.
Alienation and integration transformed the Qing’s carefully cultured
nature of Manchurian space and identity in ways that the dynasty had
not intended.
This chapter examines the process of how this network of cultured
nature was formed on the basis of a forager identity and its subsequent
modifications under the exigencies of,first, Russian incursion and then
imperial foraging. Despite its obvious import, Han migration will be
downplayed here to focus on comparatively unexamined dynamics
shaping regional Manchu identity and borderland space.
Yaksa
SAHRive
Nerchinsk r
Ilan Hala
Qiqihar
Non Rive
BičanRiver
SIBERIA
INNERMONGOLIA
HEILONGJIANG
Ningguta
Changbaishan
JILIN
Sungari RiverButha Ula
Ussuri River
KOREA
Sakhalin Island
Upper
LowerSAH River
Ton River
Hulun Buir
FENGTIAN
Shengjing
Josotu League
Bedune
220 km
Borderland boundary
State boundary
Sunga
ri^ River
SAHMiddle
River
Zey
iva^ R
re
Hengg
Tuhur un^ River
u^ Ri
ver
Hūrha Usihun
map 3:SAH Basin: Jilin and Heilongjiang