Advanced Writing with English in Use

Cohesion

1.2 Attitude

A Some sentence adverbials describe your attitude to
what you are saying. For example, inLuckily, it was
raining,the wordluckilydescribesnot the rain butt he
way the writerfeelsabout it.If you are expressingyour
ownopinion ,you couldsayfranklyorp ersonally.Ifyou
areexpressingan idea that goesagainst your argument,
you cansignalthis by sayingAdmittedlyit'sraining,but
I do thinkweought togoto the beach.

Use the follow ingattitud e words tocompletethe table
below:for eachw ordin thefirstcolumn therearetwo
wordsthat can mean almost exactly the same.

predictably happily toIllymind

g ra nte d ofcourse incred ibly

curiously frankly SllI1)risingly

fUllnily tr ue itseems

luckil y supposedly

A admittedly

Bastonislling ly

C fortunat ely

Dstrangelye nough e!lOngll enough

E uaturullv

Fappa rentl y

GinIll)'opinion

Notethatit is very commonto saystrangely enough

rather than juststrangely.

26 • Writingsub-skills

C Reference

Theuse ofwordstorefer back to things already

mentioned or to refer forwardsis a key areaof cohesion.

Mastery of r eference is essential as a writing skill for

Paper 2; it is also tested in Paper 3.

1.0 Variousdevices

Hereare some of the devices thatcontributetowards

reference.

Determiners

a ,all,th e (article s)

*my, yOllr,his,her,their,one's,its, Ollr

(posse ssive adjec tives)

this, that, these, those (d e mo nst ra tive adjectives )

Pronouns

*I,yOIl ,one,etc .;me,her,it ,etc. (perso nal)

mille, YOllrs,h is, hers,its,theirs,ollrs (p os se ssive)

*this, th at , t hese, those (de monst rative)

*1/:/10,icluch,icliere ,iclien,that (relative)

Thisandthut

Boththisandthatcanbe used toreferto somethingtha thas

b ee nme ntionedbefore.Thisis pre fe r red when talking

abo utsome thingyo u are close to(i ntime as well as spa ce),

whilet hatre fers to somethingmo redistant.

llelellsaysshe'sfedliplcitl ,herjob.This doesn'tsurprise

me.

llelen sai dsh e lcas fedIIJJrdthherjoh.ThatrUls th e last

timeIsm cher.

Thi shutno tthatcall heusedto referto some thi ngtha t has

notyetboonme ntio ned.

r OIl'relIecergoingtob e/ieeethis-He/eli'sgot aflewjob!

Wordsthatcanheusedaspronouns

AIybrothersareverysuccessful,butbothhave agirlfriend

p rob lem .Kev hasn 't gotone,ant![ulianhastoomany.

\Vurdsthatcanreplaceadverbs

I thollghttheatlaslcas onthehookshe(f,b ut IC(JIl'tjim! it

there.

IuseditOilSaturday, b ut I haven't seellifsinceth en.

*So

I' m1I0teerytidy; Tllhnce to bemore soin[nture.

I don'tbelievemybrotheris especiallyclec er,buthe

certainlythinks so.

Ellipsis

Theyuxmtme to[oiuthearm y, hiltI'm notgoingto .(i.c.to

join thearmy.l

*1 don't th ink:I'll besenttopIiSOIl,butI m ig h t.(i.e.be

sent t o p rison)