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12

Recovery and

Rebirth: The Age of

the Renaissance

CHAPTER OUTLINE

AND FOCUS QUESTIONS

Characteristics of the Italian Renaissance

Q What characteristics distinguish the Renaissance

from the Middle Ages?

The Making of Renaissance Society

Q What major social changes occurred during the

Renaissance?

The Italian States in the Renaissance

Q How did Machiavelli’s works reflect the political

realities of Renaissance Italy?

The Intellectual Renaissance in Italy

Q What was humanism, and what effect did it have on

philosophy, education, and attitudes toward politics?

The Artistic Renaissance

Q What were the chief characteristics of Renaissance art,

and how did it differ in Italy and northern Europe?

The European State in the Renaissance

Q Why do historians sometimes refer to the

monarchies of the late fifteenth century as “new

monarchies” or “Renaissance states”?

The Church in the Renaissance

Q What were the policies of the Renaissance popes,

and what impact did those policies have on the

Roman Catholic Church?

CRITICAL THINKING

QHow did Renaissance art and the humanist

movement reflect the political, economic, and

social developments of the period?

CONNECTIONS TO TODAY

QHow does the concept of the Renaissance have

relevance to the early twenty-first century?

Michelangelo’sCreation of Adamon the Sistine Chapel ceiling

Sistine Chapel, Vatican Palace, Vatican State //Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY

WERE THE FOURTEENTHand fifteenth centuries

a continuation of the Middle Ages or the beginning

of a new era? Both positions can be defended.

Although the disintegrative patterns of the

fourteenth century continued into the fifteenth, at

the same time there were elements of recovery that

made the fifteenth century a period of significant

political, economic, artistic, and intellectual change.

The humanists or intellectuals of the age considered

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