Divination, 13
Divine and Human Readings(Cassiodorus),
162
Divine Comedy(Dante), 266–67
Divine-right monarchy, 362
Divinity: of Egyptian kings, 16; Hermetics
and, 284; humanists and, 284
Division of labor: Neolithic, 5.See alsoLabor
Divorce: in Carolingian Empire, 179; in
Egypt, 24; in Frankish culture, 156;
Hammurabi’s Code on, 11–12; in Rome,
107, 124
Doctorate degrees, 213
Doctors.SeePhysicians
Domestication, of plants and animals, 4
Domesticity, Dutch, 373, 373
Dominican Republic, 333
Dominicans, 234–35, 305, 348, 349
Dominic de Guzma ́n (Saint), 235
Domitian (Rome), 132
Donatello, Donato di, 287, 287
Dorians, 51
Doric order, 64
Doryphoros(statue), 65, 65
Double Crown (Egypt), 16
Dowry, in Renaissance, 278
Drama: in Elizabethan England, 381; in
France, 381–82; Greek, 63–64;
Hellenistic, 87; Roman, 109; in Spain,
381
Drinking.SeeAlcohol
Drogheda, battle at, 375
Dualist system: of good and evil, 238.
See alsoCartesian dualism
Duke(s), in France, 224
Du ̈rer, Albrecht, 291, 293
Dutch: Anabaptism and, 312; in Asia,
340–41, 342, 353; domestic life of, 373,
373 ; economy of, 353; independence from
Spain, 366; in India, 342; in Indonesia,
341, 348; in Japan, 345; North American
colonies of, 346–47; paintings of, 373,
373, 380,380–81; slave trade and, 339;
trade and, 353.See alsoDutch Republic;
Netherlands
Dutch East India Company, 341,341, 353
Dutch Republic: emergence of, 321;
exploration by, 328; golden age of, 372,
373; trade and, 372; upheavals in, 362
Early Middle Ages, 173–97; Byzantine
civilization in, 187–89; Carolingian
Empire in, 174–83; cities in, 207; Islam
in, 192–95; lords and vassals in, 183–87;
Slavic peoples in, 190–91.See also
Christianity; Germanic peoples; Middle
Ages
Earth: circumference of, 88;
circumnavigation of,327,328, 333;
rotation of, 88.See alsoPlanets; Universe
East Africa, 2, 329, 339
Eastern Europe: absolutism in, 368–70;
Calvinism in, 314; Jews in, 253;
kingdoms in, 230, 230 (map); monarchies
in, 295; plague in, 251; population of, 199
(tab.).See alsospecific locations
Eastern Franks, 181.See alsoGermanyEastern Orthodoxy: Byzantine Empire and,
188; Catholic Church and, 241; Russia
and, 231; Slavs and, 190 (map), 191
Eastern Roman Empire: as Byzantine
Empire, 147, 150, 152, 162–65, 163
(map); Greek language in, 125, 127, 142;
Islam and, 165; law code in, 162.See also
Byzantine Empire
Eastern Slavs, 190 (map), 191
East India Company.SeeBritish East India
Company; Dutch East India Company
East Prussia, 230, 230 (map)
Economy: in 16th century, 352; in 17th
century, 358; in Athens, 58, 68; Black
Death and, 254–56; in Brandenburg-
Prussia, 367; commercial capitalism in,
207; in Egypt, 18; expansion and, 329,
351, 352–54; in France, 365; in
Hellenistic world, 84–85; in Renaissance,
276; Sumerian, 9; after Thirty Years’ War,
362.See alsoMercantilism; Trade
Ecstasy of Saint Theresa(Bernini), 379, 379
Ecuador, 336
Edessa, as crusader state, 243
Edicts: of Fontainebleau, 364–65; of Milan,
149; of Nantes, 320, 364; of Worms, 305
Education: in England, 178; in Middle Ages,
178; in Renaissance, 284–85; in Rome,
107, 133; for women, 107, 284, 285.
See alsoSchools; Universities and colleges
Education of a Christian Prince(Erasmus),
282–83
Edward (Black Prince, England), 257 (map)
Edward I (England), 224, 239
Edward III (England), 256, 260, 261
Edward VI (England), 313, 322
Egypt (ancient), 2, 6, 14–24, 17 (map);
Alexander the Great and, 76; Antony and
Cleopatra in, 116; arts in,18,20; culture
of, 18–20; diet (food) in, 22, 22 ;
domination by foreign powers, 21;
dynasties in, 16; economy in, 18;
government of, 16, 17–18, 20; Hebrews
in, 30; Hellenistic period in, 81; Hittites
and, 29; Hyksos in, 20; imperialism by,
20; isolation of, 16; jewelry in, 18 ; Jews
in, 91; lifestyle in, 21–24; Middle
Kingdom in, 16, 17–18; mystery cults in,
90; Near East kingdoms and, 28; New
Kingdom in, 16, 20, 23; Old Kingdom in,
16–17, 17 (map), 18; queens in, 23–24;
religion in, 20, 21; Rome and, 21, 81;
society in, 18; spirituality in, 18–19;
women in, 23, 85; workers in, 18; writing
in, 20
Egypt (modern): Arab conquest of, 168;
Fatimids in, 194, 241
Eighteenth dynasty (Egypt), 20, 22, 22
Einhard, 175, 176, 177
El Cid.SeeDı ́az de Vivar, Rodrigo
Eleanor of Aquitaine, 203
Elections.SeeVoting and voting rights
Elector of Saxony, 305, 306
Electors, in Germany, 229, 261
Elements(Euclid), 88
Elephants, in warfare, 83, 83
Eleusis, 90Elites: science and, 400; Sumerian, 9.See also
Classes; Nobility
Elizabeth(movie), 323
Elizabeth I (England), 313, 320, 321–23,
381; ‘‘Speech at Tilbury,’’ 322
Emperor: church, state, and, 165; origins of
term, 122.See alsospecific rulers
Empires.SeeImperialism; Seven Years’ War;
specific empires
Empiricism, 399
Employment.SeeLabor; Workers
Encomiendasystem, 336–37
Engineering: Inca, 336; in Rome, 111
England (Britain): in 14th century, 254;
American colonies of, 347; Anglo-Saxons
in, 154; Black Death in, 251; China and,
345; civil wars in, 292, 374, 374 (map);
exploration by, 328; foreign policy of,
322; France and, 256; Glorious
Revolution in, 376; in High Middle Ages,
222–24; holdings of (1154–1337), 226
(map); Hundred Years’ War and, 256–58,
257 (map); imports of, 353–54; India
and, 342, 344, 351; Ireland and, 375;
Irish missionaries in, 159; Jews in, 239;
law in, 223–24; Lollardy in, 296;
megaliths in, 28; monarchy in, 372, 374,
376–78; Norman conquest of, 222–23,
223 ; Peasants’ Revolt (1381) in, 255;
religion in, 312–13, 322; restoration in,
374, 376; Rome and, 125; sciences in,
391; slavery abolished in, 339; Southeast
Asia trade and, 340–41; Spanish Armada
and, 324; town street scene in, 198 ;
universities in, 212; Viking attacks on,
182–83, 183 .See alsoTudor dynasty
English language, 222
English Royal Society.SeeRoyal Society
(England)
Enki (god), 12
Enkidu, in Mesopotamian mythology, 14
Enlightenment: Eurocentrism and, 352.
See alsoScientific Revolution
Enlil (god), 12
Entertainment, in Middle Ages, 269, 269
Entrepreneurs, in mining industry, 276
Environment: of medieval cities, 209, 211; of
Mesopotamia, 12; Neolithic, 4.See also
Climate; Pollution
Epaminondas (Thebes), 62
Ephesus, 125
Ephors, in Sparta, 58
Epic literature:Epic of Gilgamesh, The,12, 14,
15; medieval, 216.See alsoHomer
Epicureanism, 89, 90
Epicurus, 89
Epistle to the Colossians (Paul), 143
Equality, in Paleolithic society, 4
Equestrian order (Rome), 112, 113, 124, 126
Erasmus, Desiderius, 282–83, 302–3, 303
Eratosthenes, 88
Eridu, 7
Erik the Red, 183
Essenes, 139
Estates (land), in Rome, 107, 112
Estates (social orders), in Renaissance,
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