Common law, in England, 223
Common people, science and, 400
Commonwealth, in England, 374
Communication(s): in Assyrian Empire, 37;
in Persian Empire, 43–44; writing and, 14
Communities, Christian, 141, 142, 143
Comneni dynasty, 241
Compass, 329
Compurgation, 155
Conciliarism, 265
Concordat of Worms, 233
Concubines, in Carolingian Empire, 179
Condottieri,262, 279, 280
Confession, Luther and, 304
Confession of Golias, The(Archpoet), 215
Congo, 339
Conquistadors (Spain), 334
Conrad III (Germany), 243
Consistory, in Geneva, 313–14
Constance, Council of, 296–97
Constantine (Rome): Christianity and, 147,
149; Council of Nicaea and, 150; late
Roman Empire and, 146–47; reforms of,
147–49; statue of, 149
Constantine VII (Byzantine Empire), 189
Constantinople (Istanbul): architecture in,
163–64; as Byzantium, 149; Muslim
attack on, 169; patriarch of, 188; Roman
empire in, 149; siege and capture of
(1204), 245, 295; siege and capture of
(1453), 296; trade in, 163, 188
Constitution(s): in England, 376; in Rome,
99, 121
Constitutional monarchy, in England, 376
Constitution of the Spartans(Xenophon), 69
Consuls, in Rome, 98, 99, 112, 113
Contarini, Gasparo, 318, 319
Contraception.SeeBirth control
Convents, 160, 234.See alsoNuns
Conversion.SeeMissions and missionaries
Copernicus, Nicolaus, 387–88,389,390, 391
Copper, 5
Co ́rdoba, 193, 194, 227
Corinth, 103, 104; Gulf of, 49
Corinthian League, 74–76
Corinthian order, 64
Corn, 348
Cornwall, 154
Coronation, of Charlemagne,173,173–74,
176–78
Corpus Hermeticum, 284
Corpus Iuris Civilis(Justinian), 162
Corsica, 28, 95, 102, 103
Cortes (Spain), 293
Corte ́s, Herna ́n, 329, 334–35
Corvinus, Matthias (Hungary), 295
Cosimo II (Florence).SeeMedici family
Cosmology: of Newton, 391; Ptolemaic-
Aristotelian, 391, 400; in Scientific
Revolution, 387
Council of elders, in Sparta, 58
Council of Five Hundred (Athens), 59
Council of nobles, in Athens, 58
Council of the plebs (Rome), 98, 99, 112,
113
Councils (Christian): of Clermont, 241; of
Constance, 296–97; Fourth LateranCouncil, 239, 240; of Nicaea, 150; of Pisa,
265; of Trent, 319
Counter-Reformation.SeeCatholic
Reformation
Counts, 176
Court (of law): in England, 223; in France,
363; manorial, 187
Court (royal), in France, 358, 363
Courtiers, Castiglione on, 277
Covenant, of Jews, 32, 33, 34
Craft guilds, 211
Crafts: Athenian, 68; Neolithic, 5
Cranmer, Thomas, 312–13
Crassus (Rome), 113, 115
Creation of Adam(Michelangelo),273, 290
Cre ́cy, Battle of, 256
Crete, 18; Byzantines and, 188; Minoan,
49–51, 51 (map); Mycenaeans and, 51
Crime: in medieval towns, 209, 210 .See also
Punishment
Croatia, 367
Croesus (Lydia), 67–68
Cromwell, Oliver, 374, 375
Crop(s): in Americas, 348, 351; on manors,
186 (map), 187; Neolithic, 4.See also
Agriculture
Crossbow, 256
Crucifixion, of Roman slaves, 107
Crusader states, 243
Crusades: Albigensians and, 238; in High
Middle Ages, 239–46,242,243 (map);
Jews and, 238–39, 240; Louis IX and,
226; women and, 203
Cruz, Juana Ine ́s de la, 348
Cuba, 333
Cults: civic, 90; of Isis, 90; mystery, 90,
138–39; of Roma and Augustus, 138;
Roman household, 106; of virginity, 160
Culture(s): in 14th century, 265–70;
Assyrian, 38; Byzantine, 188; after
Carolingian Empire, 181; of classical
Greece, 62–70; of Egypt, 18–20; Frankish,
154; of Hellenistic Greece, 81, 83–84,
85–90; Hittites and, 29; Mesopotamian,
12–14; Mycenaean, 51.See alsoArt(s);
Civilization; Popular culture; Renaissance
Cumberland, England, 154
Cummean (abbot), 159
Cuneiform, 13 (tab.)
Curriculum: in medieval universities,
212–13.See alsoEducation; Liberal arts
Customary law, Germanic, 155
Cuzco, 336
Cyaxares (Median empire), 40
Cyprus, 188
Cyril (missionary), 191
Cyrillic (Slavonic) alphabet, 191
Cyrus Cylinder, 39
Cyrus the Great (Persia), 39, 40–42
Czech people: in Bohemia, 190; Holy Roman
Empire and, 296
Dacia (Romania), 125, 138.See alsoRomania
Da Gama, Vasco, 329–30, 332
Dahomey, 347–48
Damascus, 168, 170, 192, 209
Dams, 201Danelaw, in England, 183
Danes.SeeDenmark; Vikings
Danhauer, Gottfried, 370
Dante Alighieri, 266–67
Danube River region, 122, 125, 150, 165,
191
Darius I (Persia), 42, 42 (map),43,44, 59
Darius III (Persia), 76, 80
Dark Ages, in Greece, 51–54
Dati, Gregorio, 278
Dauphin (France), 257
David(Donatello), 287, 287
David (Israel), 30
David(Michelangelo), 290, 290
Dead Sea region, 139
Dead Sea Scrolls, 139
Death rates: from Black Death, 251; infant
mortality and, 250; from Middle Passage,
339; of Renaissance babies, 278
Decameron(Boccaccio), 252
Declaration of Indulgence, 374
Decretum(Gratian), 205
Deduction, 399
Defense of the Liberal Instruction of Women
(Cereta), 285
Degrees (university), 213
De Hooch, Pieter, 373, 373
Deities.SeeGods and goddesses
Delian League, 60
Delos, 60
Delphi, 67
Demes, in Athens, 58–59
Demesne, 187, 201
Democracy: in Athens, 49, 59, 60, 61, 62; in
Greece, 56; Locke and, 378.See also
Athens; Pericles
Demos (people), 59
Demosthenes, 74;Third Philippic, The, 75
Denmark: kingdom of, 229–30; Thirty Years’
War and, 361; upheavals in, 362.See also
Scandinavia; Vikings
Descartes, Rene ́,397,397–98, 399
Description and History of Paraguay and Rio de
la Plata(Azara), 349
Description of the Rus(Ibn Fadlan), 192
‘‘Diary of a Citizen,’’ on slave trade, 340
Dias, Bartholomeu, 329
Dı ́az de Vivar, Rodrigo (El Cid), 227
Dictators and dictatorships, 100, 113, 115
Diet (food): in Athens, 68; in Carolingian
Empire, 179–80; in Egypt, 22, 22 ;
peasant, 202
Diet of Worms,301, 302
Dioceses, Christian, 149, 233
Diocletian (Rome), 143, 146, 147–49
Dionysios, Letter to, 84
Diplomacy: Byzantine, 165; modern system
of, 280; in Renaissance Italy, 279 (map),
280; Roman, 101.See alsoAlliances
Disciples, of Jesus, 141–42
Discourse on Method(Descartes), 398
Discoveries.SeeExploration
Disease: European in New World, 335, 336,
337 ; medical advances and, 393–94;
among slaves, 339.See alsoBlack Death;
Medicine
Dissenters (England), 376Index 417Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
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