instability in, 256–62.See alsoMiddle
Ages
Late Roman Empire, 147–50, 148 (map), 152
Later Roman Empire, The(Ammianus
Marcellinus), 151
Latifundia(estates), 107, 112, 129
Latin America: European colonies in, 348.
See alsoColonies and colonization;
specific locations
Latin Christianity.SeeCatholic Church
Latin Empire of Constantinople, 245
Latin Fathers, of Catholic Church, 161
Latin language, 28; alphabet of, 36 (tab.); in
ancient Rome, 95, 97; in Byzantine
Empire, 165; culture of, 178; literature in,
109, 111, 129–32, 215–16; New
Testament in, 142; in Renaissance, 284;
in Roman Empire, 125, 126; university
education in, 212–13
Latin people, Rome and, 99
Latin Vulgate, 162
Latium, 95, 96, 99, 101
Laureti, Tommaso, 94
Lavoisier, Antoine and Marie-Anne, 394
Law(s): English common law, 223; Germanic
customary law, 155; of Jews, 32, 34.
See alsoLaw codes; Scientific laws
Law codes: of Hammurabi, 10–11; of
Justinian, 162, 212, 214
Law of nations (Rome), 109
Law school, at Bologna, 214
Lay investiture, 232–33
Lazar (Serbia), 296
Learning.SeeEducation; Intellectual thought
Lebanon, 34
Lechfeld, Battle of, 181, 191
Lecture method of teaching, 213
Legal issues.SeeLaw codes
Legions and legionaries (Rome), 104,105,
121–22, 126
Legnano, battle at, 229
Leo III (Pope),173,173–74, 176
Leo IX (Pope), 241
Leo X (Pope),297,298, 305
Leonardo da Vinci, 286–87,288,288–89,
290, 291, 387
Leonidas (Sparta), 59
Leopold I (Holy Roman Empire), 367
Lepanto, Battle of, 320, 370
Lepers, 237
Lerma, duke of (Spain), 366
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender
(LGBT) community.SeeHomosexuals and
homosexuality
Lesbos, 51
‘‘Letter from Isias to Hephaistion,’’ 86
‘‘Letter from Ktesikles to King Ptolemy,’’ 86
Letters, between Louis XIV and King of
Tonkin, 343–44
Letter to Atticus(Cicero), 115
‘‘Letter to Dionysios,’’ 84
Letter to Fuscus Salinator(Pliny the Younger),
130
‘‘Letter to Paolo Foscarini’’ (Bellarmine),
392–93
‘‘Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina’’
(Galileo), 392‘‘Letter to Zenon,’’ 84
Levers, Archimedes and, 89
Leviathan(Hobbes), 378
Liberal arts, 162, 178, 213, 284
Liberty, Locke on, 378
Library: in Alexandria, 85; in Baghdad, 194;
in Co ́rdoba, 194; at Nineveh, 38
Libya, Egypt and, 20, 21
Life expectancy, 156
Life of Charlemagne(Einhard), 175
Life of Saint Godric, 208
Lifestyle: in 14th century, 267–70; Black
Death and, 254–56; Carolingian, 178–81;
in classical Greece, 68–70; Columbian
Exchange and, 351; of Dutch, 373, 373 ;in
Egypt, 21–24; Frankish, 154; of Germanic
peoples, 150; in Islamic Empire, 194–95;
in Italian Renaissance, 277–78; of Louis
XIV (France), 363, 364; in medieval cities,
209–11; of peasants, 202; in Rome,
105–11, 134; in Russia, 368
Lima, Pizarro in, 336
Limited monarchies, 358
Linen Cupboard, The(de Hooch), 373, 373
Literature: Elizabethan, 381; in England,
381; in France, 381–82; Hellenistic,
86–87; in High Middle Ages, 215–16;
Latin, 129–32; Mesopotamian, 14;
Roman, 109, 111, 129–32; in Spain, 381;
vernacular, 216, 266–67.See alsoDrama;
Philosophy; specific works and writers
‘‘Little ice age,’’ 250, 358
Liudprand of Cremona (bishop), 189
Lives of the Artists(Vasari), 291
Livia (Rome), 124, 132
Livonia, 369
Livy, 99, 100, 108, 131–32
Lizier, Grazida, 270
Locke, John, 377, 378
Loftus, William, 1–2
Lollardy, 296
Lombard League, 229
Lombards, 152–53, 162, 174
Lombardy, 229, 262
London: in Middle Ages, 199; population of,
209
Longbow, 256
Long Walls (Greece), 68
Lope de Vega, Fe ́lix, 381
Lords, 183–87, 201.See alsoNobility
Lord’s Supper, 307, 310, 311, 312, 313.
See alsoEucharist
Lothar, 181
Louis VII (France), 203, 243
Louis IX (Saint Louis, France), 204, 224, 226
Louis XI (‘‘Spider’’ king, France), 292
Louis XIII (France), 362, 363
Louis XIV (France): absolutism of, 358, 362,
363–66; letters to king of Tonkin,
343–44; portrait of, 357 ; Royal Academy
of Sciences and, 399,399,400; Versailles
court of, 363; wars of, 365–66
Louis the German, 181
Louis the Pious, 179, 181
Low Countries, 251, 290, 352.See also
Belgium; Netherlands
Lower Austria, 367Lower classes, 124, 362; in Egypt, 18.
See alsoClasses
Lower Egypt, 16, 17 (map)
Loyola, Ignatius of (Saint), 317,317, 318
Ludlow, Edmund, 375
L’uomo universale(universal person), 275
Luther, Martin: Bible and, 304, 305; Catholic
Church and, 304–5; Diet of Worms and,
301,302; humanism and, 307; on
marriage, 305, 314; marriage of, 308;
Ninety-Five Thesesand, 305, 306;
Peasants’ War and, 307; salvation and,
304–5; on women, 315; Zwingli and,
310–12
Lutheranism, spread of, 305–7
Luther Versus the Pope, 307
Luxembourg, 321
Luxury goods, 276, 340, 365
Lycurgus (Greece), 57
Lycurgus(Plutarch), 69–70
Lydia, Persians and, 40, 42, 43, 67–68
Lysias, shield factory of, 68
Ma’at(Egyptian principle), 16
Macartney (Lord), China trade and, 345
Maccabaeus, Judas, 91
Macedonia, 49; Alexander the Great and, 74;
Celts and, 81; Egypt and, 21; Hellenistic
cities and, 83; Rome and, 103; women in,
85
Macedonian dynasty, as Byzantine emperors,
188, 241
Machiavelli, Niccolo`, 280–81,281, 282
Madras (Chennai), 342
Magellan, Ferdinand,327,328, 333, 340
Magi, 284
Magic, 180–81, 387, 388
Magistrates (Rome), 98, 99, 104, 107, 112
Magna Carta, 224, 225
Magyars, 181, 190–91, 230
Maimonides, Moses, 34
Maine, France, 224, 292
Mainz, Jews of, 239
Maize.SeeCorn
Malacca, 317, 330, 341
Malay world, 330
Malnutrition, 250
Malta, megaliths in, 28
al-Ma’mun, 193
Manchu dynasty (China), 344
Manchuria, 344
Manetho (Egypt), 16
Mannerism, 378
Mantinea, Battle of, 62
Mantua, 280
Manufacturing: in France, 365; in Hellenistic
world, 85–86; in medieval cities, 211;
trade and, 129.See alsoIndustry
Manuscripts, Carolingian, 178
Manzikert, battle at, 241
Maps, 329,330,351, 352
Marathon, Battle of, 42
Marburg Colloquy, 310, 311
Marcella (Rome), 160
Marcus Aurelius (Rome), 125, 136, 137
Marius (Rome), 104, 113
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