Strategikon(Maurice), 166
Strategoi(Athens), 60
Strozzi family: Alessandra, 278; marriage
negotiations and, 278
Struggle of the orders (Rome), 99
Students: in medieval universities, 211–13,
212 (map),213,214.See alsoUniversities
and colleges
Styria, 367
Subinfeudation, 184, 186
Suetonius, 115
Suffrage.SeeVoting and voting rights
Sugar and sugar industry, sugar plantations
and, 338, 346, 346
Suger (abbot of Saint-Denis), 200, 217
Suleiman I the Magnificent (Ottoman
Empire), 308–9, 370
Sulla, Lucius Cornelius (Rome), 113
Sultans, of Seljuk Turks, 241
Sumatra, 341
Sumeria, 7–9; astronomy in, 14; writing in,
13–14, 13 (tab.).See alsoMesopotamia
Summa Theologica(Thomas Aquinas), 214,
239
Sunni Muslims, 168, 241
Supe River Valley, Peru, 6–7
Suppiluliumas I (Hittites), 29
Surat, India, 342
Susa (Persian capital), 43, 44, 77
Sweden: kingdom of, 229–30; Russia and,
369; Thirty Years’ War and, 361;
upheavals in, 362; Vikings from, 191.
See alsoScandinavia
Sweet potato, 348
Swiss Brethren, 312
Switzerland, 310, 310 (map), 312, 313–14
Syncretism, 90
Syracuse, battle at, 89
Syria: Alexander the Great and, 76;
Byzantines and, 188; city-states in, 28;
Egypt and, 18, 20, 21; Hittites and, 29;
Zenobia in, 138
Syriac language, 10 (tab.)
Tacitus, 121, 124–25, 132, 135
Taille(French tax), 292
Tamerlane, 342
Tariffs, 353, 365
Tartuffe(Molie`re), 382
Taverns, 180, 315
Taxation: British, in India, 344; in Egypt, 17,
18; in England, 224, 255, 374, 376; in
France, 263, 292; in Rome, 148
Tea, 345, 351, 354
Teaching, 212–13
Technology: agricultural, 200–201; Scientific
Revolution and, 387, 399.See alsospecific
types
Telescope, 387, 389, 391
Tell el-Amarna, 20
Temple(s): Greek, 61,64,64–65, 67; in
Jerusalem, 30, 41, 91, 139;
Mesopotamian, 12; Roman, 106 ;
Sumerian, 8
Temuchin.SeeGenghis Khan
Tenant farmers, in Rome, 129, 149
‘‘Ten lost tribes,’’ of Israel, 30Tenochtitla ́n, 334, 335
Teresa of Avila (Saint), 316
Tertullian, 160
Test Act (England), 374
Testelin, Henri, 399
Tetzel, Johann, 305, 306
Teutoburg Forest massacre, 122
Teutonic Knights, 230, 230 (map), 231
Texas, missions in, 348
Texcoco, Lake, 334
Textiles and textile industry, in Flanders, 276
Thailand (Siam), 342
Theater.SeeDrama
Thebes, 20, 21, 49, 62
Theocracy, Sumerian, 8
Theocritus, 86–87
Theodoric (Ostrogoths), 150, 152
Theodosius I ‘‘the Great’’ (Rome), 149
Theology: Christian, 150; conciliarism and,
265; Hermetic writings and, 284; Luther
and, 304; scholasticism and, 214; of
Zwingli, 310–12
Thera (island), 51
Thermopylae, battle at, 59
Thessaly, 49
Third Crusade, 245
Third Estate, in European society, 277
Third Philippic, The(Demosthenes), 75
Third Punic War, 103
Thirty Years’ War, 359, 361–62, 361 (map),
366
Thomas (apostle), community in India and,
328
Thomas a`Becket (England), 223–24
Thomas a`Kempis, 304
Thomas Aquinas, 214–15, 239, 267–68
Thrace, 42, 43, 74
Three-field system, 201–2
Throne of Saint Peter(Bernini), 379
Thucydides, 61, 283; as historian, 62–63
Thutmosis III (Egypt), 23
Tiberius (Rome), 124, 129
Tiberius Gracchus (Rome), 112
Tiber River, 95
Tigris River region, 6, 7, 36
Time, clocks and, 268, 270
Time of Troubles (Russia), 368
Tithes, 187
Titian,308, 321
Titus (Rome), 135
Tlaxcala, 334, 335
Tokugawa Ieyasu (Japan), 345
Toleration.SeeReligious toleration
Toleration Act (England, 1689), 376
Tombs, 97 ; Sumerian, 9
Tonkin, letters of Louis XIV to king of,
343–44
Tools: Neolithic, 5–6; stone, 2
Topa Inca, 336
Torah, 34
Tordesillas, Treaty of, 333
Touraine, 224
Tournaments, medieval, 203, 204
Tours, battle of, 169
Towns.SeeCities and towns; Villages
Trade: in Arab world, 166, 167; Assyrian, 38;
in Athens, 68; with China, 345;commercial capitalism and, 353; in
Constantinople, 163, 188; Dutch, 372;
Egyptian, 16, 18; French, 365;
globalization and, 353–54; Greek, 52,
55–56; Hellenistic, 85; with India, 342; in
Mediterranean region, 34; Mesopotamian,
9; in Middle Ages, 187, 204–7, 208, 249,
255; Muslim, 193; Neolithic, 5; overseas,
353–54; plague and, 250–51; in
Renaissance, 276; Roman, 127–29, 128
(map); triangular, 338–39, 338 (map);
worldwide, 332.See alsoMercantilism;
Slave trade
Trade routes: in Middle Ages, 206 (map),
207 (map); in Roman Empire, 127–29,
128 (map)
Trading companies: British East India
Company, 344, 345; Dutch East India
Company, 341,341, 353
Trading empire, of Portugal, 330
Trading posts, European, 205–6, 342
Tragedy, Greek, 63
Traini, Francisco, 254
Trajan (Rome), 125, 126, 126 (map), 135,
140
Transubstantiation, Luther on, 307
Transylvania, 367
Travels(Polo), 328–29
Travels of John Mandeville, The, 328
Treaties: of Tordesillas, 333; of Verdun, 181,
181 (map)
Trent, Council of, 319
‘‘Trial of Suzanne Gaudry, The,’’ 360
Trials, for witchcraft, 358, 359, 360
Triangular trade, 338–39, 338 (map)
Tribunes of the plebs (Rome), 99, 112
Tribute: to Athens, 60; in Persian Empire,
43
Tribute Money(Masaccio), 286
Trier (Roman city), 127
Trilogy, in Greek drama, 63
Trinity, 215
Tripoli, as crusader state, 243
Triumph of Death, The(Traini), 254
Trivium, 162
Trojan War, Homer and, 52, 52
Troubadour poetry, 216
Troy, 51, 52
Truth, Plato on, 66
Tudor dynasty (England), 292–93, 372
Tullia (Rome), 108
Turkey, 29; as Anatolia, 29, 241; ancient, 4;
Indo-Europeans in, 29
Turkmenistan, 6
Turks, 241, 320.See alsoOttoman Empire;
Ottoman Turks
Tutankhamun (Egypt), 21
Twelve Tables of Law (Rome), 108–9, 110
Twentieth Dynasty (Egypt), 21
Two Treatises of Government(Locke), 378
Two Women Teach a Child to Walk(de
Hooch), 373, 373
Tyler, Wat, 255
Tyrants and tyranny, 56, 58
Tyre, 34, 102
Tyrol, 367
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