Western Civilization

Key Terms

Paleolithic Age(p. 3)

Neolithic Revolution(p. 4)

patriarchy(p. 5)

Bronze Age(p. 6)

civilization(p. 6)

ziggurat(p. 7)

theocracy(p. 8)

polytheistic(p. 12)

divination(p. 13)

cuneiform(p. 15)

hieroglyphics(p. 20)

Suggestions for Further Reading

THE PREHISTORIC WORLD For a brief but sound survey,

seeI. Tattersall,The World from Beginnings to 4000B.C.E.

(Oxford, 2008). The following works are also of considerable

value in examining the prehistory of humankind:S. Mithen,

After the Ice: A Global Human History, 20,000–5000B.C.

(Cambridge, Mass., 2006), andN. Wade, Before the Dawn:

Recovering the Lost History of Our Ancestors(New York,

2006). On the role of women in prehistory, seeJ. M. Adovasio,

O. Soffer, andJ. Page,The Invisible Sex: Uncovering the

True Roles of Women in Prehistory(New York, 2007).

THE ANCIENT NEAR EAST An excellent reference tool on the

ancient Near East can be found inP. BienkowskiandA. Mil-

ward, eds.,Dictionary of the Ancient Near East(Philadelphia,

2000). For a detailed survey, seeA. Kuhrt,The Ancient Near

East, c. 3000–330B.C., 2 vols. (London, 1995). A brief recent

survey can be found inM. van de Mieroop,A History of the

Ancient Near East, ca. 3000–323B.C.,2d ed. (Oxford, 2006).

G. Leick,The Babylonians(London, 2003), provides an over-

view of the peoples of ancient Mesopotamia.

ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA A beautifully illustrated survey of

ancient Mesopotamia can be found inM. Roaf,Cultural Atlas of

Mesopotamia and the Ancient Near East(New York, 1996). The

world of the Sumerians is examined inH. Crawford,Sumer and

the Sumerians,2d ed. (Cambridge, 2004). On the spiritual perspec-

tive of ancient Mesopotamia, seeJ. Bottero,Religion in Ancient

Mesopotamia(Chicago, 2001). On daily life, seeS. Bertman,

Handbook to Life in Ancient Mesopotamia(New York, 2003).

ANCIENT EGYPT For an excellent introduction to ancient

Egypt, seeT. Wilkinson,The Rise and Fall of Ancient Egypt

(New York, 2010). Other general surveys includeI. Shaw, ed.,The

Oxford History of Ancient Egypt(New York, 2000), andD. J.

Brewer,Ancient Egypt: Foundations of a Civilization(New

York, 2005), on Egypt before the period of the Old Kingdom. Egyp-

tian religion is covered inJ. Assmann,The Search for God in An-

cient Egypt,trans.D.Lorton(Ithaca, N.Y., 2001). An important

study on women isG. Robins,Women in Ancient Egypt(Cam-

bridge, Mass., 1993). Daily life can be examined inE. Strouhal,

Life of the Ancient Egyptians(Norman, Okla., 1992).

MindTapis a fully online, highly personalized learning experience built upon

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Notes

1. J.-M. Chauvet et al.,Dawn of Art: The Chauvet Cave
   (New York, 1996), pp. 49–50.


2. Quoted in A. Kuhrt,The Ancient Near East, c. 3000–330B.C.
   (London, 1995), vol. 1, p. 68.


3. Quoted in Michael Wood,Legacy: The Search for Ancient
   Culture(New York, 1995), p. 69.


4. Quoted in M. van de Mieroop,AHistoryofthe
   Ancient Near East, ca. 3000–323B.C.(Oxford, 2004),
   p. 106.


5. T. Jacobsen, “Mesopotamia,” inBefore Philosophy, ed. H.
   Frankfort et al. (Baltimore, 1949), p. 139.
   6. J. B. Pritchard,Ancient Near Eastern Texts, 3d ed.
   (Princeton, N.J., 1969), p. 372.
   7. Quoted in M. Covensky,The Ancient Near Eastern Tradition
   (New York, 1966), p. 51.
   8. Quoted in B. G. Trigger, B. J. Kemp, D. O’Connor, and A. B.
   Lloyd,Ancient Egypt: A Social History(Cambridge, 1983), p. 74.
   9. Pritchard,Ancient Near Eastern Texts, p. 34.


6. Ibid., p. 36.


7. Quoted in R.-M. Hagen and R. Hagen,Egypt: People, Gods,
   Pharaohs(Cologne, 2002), p. 148.


8. Pritchard,Ancient Near Eastern Texts, p. 420.

26 Chapter 1 The Ancient Near East: The First Civilizations

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