Evolution The violent spirit to forge a civilization vol 1

(Rodrigo GrandaB_hQJo) #1

historical evolution, presenting a great complexity for the


study of the evolution of Homo sapiens, since it depends on


who controls the means of production.»


«The investment portfolios that own the wealth show that:


─whoever controls the image and gives the value to the image,


will have control over the other individuals in society─.»


Cave thought to hold unicorn bones actually home to Neanderthal artwork


Neanderthals carved chevrons into a giant deer toe. Unicorn cave. The


cave, known as "Einhornhöhle" (German for "unicorn cave"), has a storied


history. Starting in medieval times, treasure hunters claimed to have found


unicorn bones there, Leder said. "Of course, they were just cave bear bones,


but they sold them as medicine or a remedy to pharmacies to turn a profit,"


he said. In 1985 , archaeologists found stone tools in the cave that were


crafted by Neanderthals. To investigate more, Leder and his team returned


in 2014. But it wasn't until 2019 that they discovered the carved toe bone,


which lay buried near the cave's prehistoric but since-collapsed entrance.


Initially, the scientists could see just one carved line on the bone, Leder


said. It wasn't until excavators cleaned off the gritty silt, revealing the


chevron design, that archaeologists knew they had something special.


https://www.livescience.com/neanderthal-symbolic-carving-germany.html


At first, archaeologists thought that the object had been engraved by a


member of our species (although some members of the team already


postulated Neanderthals as the authors), but the dating of the bone and the


remains of campfires found next to it, carried out by the Leibniz


Laboratory for Age Determination and Isotope Research at the University


of Kiel, gave an age of 51 , 000 years. The researchers therefore claim that


the only authors of the engravings may have been Neanderthals, as Homo


sapiens arrived in Europe around 45 , 000 years ago.


https://www.nature.com/articles/s 41559 - 021 - 01487 - z


Cuneiform tablet: It was the Sumerians, the oldest inhabitants of


Mesopotamia, who invented writing in the 4 th millennium BC, as a


support for the diverse and increasingly urgent economic activities of the


oldest urban centers. The clay tablets, used as a medium, were engraved

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