26 · Avigdor Levy
41–69 (Hebrew); Minna Rozen, A History of the Jewish Community of Istanbul: The
Formative Years, 1453–1566 (Leiden: Brill, 2002), 226–43.
- Nicolay, Nauigations, 93a; Raymond Renard, Sepharad: Le monde et la langue
judéo-espagnole des Séphardim (Mons: Annales Universitaires des Mons, 1966), 69;
Rozen, Jewish Community of Istanbul, 202–203. - Rhoads Murphey, “Jewish Contributions to Ottoman Medicine, 1450–
1800,” in Jews, Turks, Ottomans: A Shared History, Fifteenth through the Twentieth
Century, ed. Avigdor Levy (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 2002), 62–65;
Rozen, Jewish Community of Istanbul, 208–209; Avigdor Levy, The Sephardim in the
Ottoman Empire (Princeton: Darwin Press, 1992), 30–31. - Murphey, “Jewish Contributions,” 65–70; Levy, Sephardim, 76–78; Nil Ak-
deniz, “Osmanlılarda Hekim ve Hekimlik Ahlakı” (PhD diss., Istanbul Univer-
sity, 1977), 156–57. - Murphey, “Jewish Contributions,” 69–70.
- During this period we find a significant number of reports about Jews
who, for one reason or another, converted to Islam. See also Zvi Keren, The
Jewish Community of Rusçuk: From the Periphery of the Ottoman Empire to Capital
of the Tuna Vilayeti, 1788–1878 (Jerusalem: Ben-Zvi Institute, 2005), 85, 108–109
(Hebrew). - Archives de la Guerre, Paris, MR1619, 39, memorandum by Lieutenant
Foltz of 1 May 1831; Faik Reşit Unat, “Başhoca Ishak Efendi,” Belleten 28 (1964):
89–116; Levy, Sephardim, 95. - M. Franco, Essai sur l’histoire des Israélites de l’Empire Ottoman (Paris, 1897;
reprint, Paris: Centre d’Etudes Don Isaac Abravanel, 1981), 239; Avram Galante
(Abraham Galanté), Histoire des Juifs de Turquie, 9 vols. (Istanbul: Editions Isis,
1985), 9:109–10. - Niyazi Berkes, The Development of Secularism in Turkey (Montreal: McGill
University Press, 1964), 114–15; Galante, Histoire des Juifs de Turquie, 9:109–10;
Levy, Sephardim, 110. - Galante, Histoire des Juifs de Turquie, 9:97, 99, 106, 109; Levy, Sephardim,
- A list of additional senior Jewish officials who served the Ottoman gov-
ernment during the reign of Abdul-Hamid and the Young Turk era is found in
Minna Rozen, “The Hamidian Era through the Jewish Looking Glass: A Study
of the Istanbul Rabbinical Court Records,” Turcica 37 (2005): 131–32. - The Turkish text of the rescript was published in Takvim-i Vakayı (the
official Ottoman government newspaper) on 22 November 1839. Facsimiles
of the Turkish text and a French translation distributed at the ceremony have
been reproduced in T. C. Maarif Vekaleti, Tanzimat (Istanbul: Maarif Matbaası,
1940), following 1: 48. Partial English translations are found in Stanford J. Shaw
and Ezel Kural Shaw, History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey, vol. 2,
Reform, Revolution, and Republic, 1808–1975 (Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press, 1977), 60–61; J. C. Hurewitz, ed., The Middle East and North Africa in World
Politics, 2nd ed. (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1975), 1:269–71. For a com-
prehensive discussion of this document, see Şerif Mardin, The Genesis of Young