28 · Avigdor Levy
- Abraham Ben-Ya ̔akov, The Jews of Iraq from the End of the Gaonic Period to
Our Times (1038–1960) (Jerusalem: Ben-Zvi Institute, 1965), 145 (Hebrew); An-
dré Chouraqui, Cent ans d’histoire: l’Alliance Israélite Universelle et la renaissance
juive contemporaine (1860–1960) (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1965),
166; Cohen, Jews of the Middle East, 139; Rodrigue, French Jews, 140–41. - Somel, Modernization of Public Education, 202–204.
- Galante, Histoire des Juifs de Turquie, 1:260–61; Neville J. Mandel, The Arabs
and Zionism before World War I (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1976),
2–18; Isaiah Friedman, “The System of Capitulations and Its Effects on Turco-
Jewish Relations in Palestine, 1856–1897,” in Palestine in the Late Ottoman Period:
Political, Social, and Economic Transformation, ed. David Kushner (Jerusalem: Yad
Izhak Ben-Zvi, 1986), 285–89. - Chouraqui, Cent ans, 161–66; Cohen, Jews of the Middle East, 117, 130,
139–40, 193n89. As far as enrollments in AIU schools, there were considerable
differences among the various Jewish communities. In Izmir, for example, only
14 percent of Jewish children attended AIU schools, compared to 50 percent in
Edirne. Rodrigue, French Jews, 92. - Bulletin de l’Alliance Israélite Universelle, no. 18 (1893): 38–39.
- Esther Benbassa, “Associational Strategies in Ottoman Jewish Society in
the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries,” in The Jews of the Ottoman Empire,
ed. Levy, 457–84; Feroz Ahmad, “The Special Relationship: The Committee of
Union and Progress and the Ottoman Jewish Political Elite, 1908–1918,” in Jews,
Turks, Ottomans, ed. Levy, 216–18. - Feroz Ahmad, “Unionist Relations with the Greek, Armenian, and Jewish
Communities of the Ottoman Empire, 1908-1914,” in Christians and Jews in the
Ottoman Empire, ed. Braude and Lewis, 1:425–28. - Ahmad, “The Special Relationship,” 218–20; see also Rozen, “The Hamid-
ian Era,” 130–32.