Byzantine conquest of Italy: public opinion’, in id., Romans and Barbarians, 92–109; J. Moor-
head, ‘Italian loyalties during Justinian’s Gothic war’, Byzantion 53 (1983), 575–96.
47 CJ I.27.
48 CJ I.27.2.
49 John Troglita’s campaigns, in diffi cult conditions for the Byzantine heavy cavalry and cul-
minating in 548, are the subject of Corippus’s Iohannis, eight books of Latin hexameters; for
a detailed treatment of Romans and Berbers in North Africa, see Y. Modéran, Les Maures et
l’Afrique romaine (IVe–VIIe siècle) (Rome: École française de Rome, 2003), with 585–644 on
533–48. It was the Berbers themselves who sent envoys to Belisarius for ceremonial recog-
nition, not the other way round (Proc., Wars III.25.3–8; Modéran, 586); when they rebelled
just as Belisarius was departing for Constantinople with his captives and also his own elite
guard, it came as a shock (Proc., Wars IV.8.9), but the Berbers justifi ed it in a letter to the
general Solomon on the grounds that Belisarius had let them down (Wars IV.11.9–12).
50 Modéran, Les Maures, 668–81.
51 CJ I.27.
52 Wars II.8.25.
53 So also Modéran, 587, on the unpreparedness of the easterners for the task.
54 Yvette Duval, Loca sanctorum Africae: le culte des martyrs en Afrique du IVe au VII siècle (Rome:
École française de Rome, 1982).
55 Modéran, Les Maures, 645–68.
56 See Walter E. Kaegi, Muslim Expansion and Byzantine Collapse in North Africa (Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 2010), using Arabic sources, and see especially chapter 2 on
the tendency of Maghrebi historians to stress the role of the local (‘autochthonous’) popula-
tion in relation to the Arab conquests rather than the Byzantine presence.
57 See the collection of papers edited by C.M. Roueché in Antiquité tardive 8 (2000), 7–180. The
Buildings is an extended panegyric, and parts of it, especially book I on Constantinople, fulfi l
the conventions of the genre, although other parts consist only of lists of sites; its uneven-
ness makes it likely that it was unfi nished and its status as a text must always be remembered
when using it to provide historical information. It is also far from comprehensive, even in
the fuller sections.
58 See e.g. B. Croke and J. Crow, ‘Procopius on Dara’, Journal of Roman Studies 73 (1983), 143–
59, with L.M. Whitby, ‘Procopius’ description of Martyropolis’ (De Aedifi ciis 3.2.10–14)’,
Byzantinoslavica 45 (1984), 177–82; id., ‘Procopius and the development of Roman defences
in upper Mesopotamia’, in P. Freeman and D. Kennedy, eds., The Defence of the Roman and
Byzantine East (Oxford, BAR, 1986), 717–35; id., ‘Procopius’s description of Dara (Buildings
2.1–3)’, in ibid., 737–83. For Justinian’s building in Greece, see Timothy E. Gregory, ‘For-
tifi cation and urban design in early Byzantine Greece’, in R.L. Hohlfelder, ed., City, Town
and Countryside in the Early Byzantine Era, New York, 1982, 43–64; and for Illyricum, Frank
E. Wozniak, ‘The Justinianic fortifi cation of Interior Illyricum’, in ibid., 199–209. For the
works on the Persian frontier and the Black Sea coast, where the status of Lazica was a mat-
ter for contention between Byzantium and Persia see James Howard-Johnston, ‘Procopius,
Roman defences north of the Taurus and the new fortress of Citharizon’, in D.H. French
and C.S. Lightfoot, eds., The Eastern Frontier of the Roman Empire, 2 vols. (Oxford: BAR,
1989), 203–29 at 217.
59 See Modéran, Les Maures, 596–604; D. Pringle, The Defence of Byzantine Africa, from Justinian
to the Arab Conquest. An Account of the Military History and Archaeology of the African Provinces
in the Sixth and Seventh Centuries, 2 vols. (Oxford: BAR, 1981, 2001); J. Durliat, Les dédicaces
d’ouvrages de défense dans l’Afrique byzantine (Rome: École française de Rome, 1981); D. Mat-
tingly and R.B. Hitchner, ‘Roman Africa: an archaeological review’, Journal of Roman Stud-
ies 85 (1995), 165–213, at 209–63; a very important recent study is Anna Leone, Changing
Townscapes in North Africa from Late Antiquity to the Arab Conquest (Bari: Edipuglia, 2007).
60 Proc., Buildings VI.4–5.
61 Buildings V.6; see Y. Tsafrir, ‘Procopius and the Nea church in Jerusalem’, Ant. Tard. 8
(2000), 149–64.
NOTES TO CHAPTER 5