BIBLIOGRAPHIES 269
Islamic law J. Schacht, The Origins of Muhammadan Jurisprudence (Oxford, 1950) remains
the best introduction.
A knowledge of events in North Mrica is an important adjunct to any study of Al-
Andalus. The best surveys can be found in M. Brett, 'The Arab conquest and the rise
of Islam in North Mrica' and 'The Fatimid revolution (861-973) and its aftermath in
North Mrica'. both in J.D. Fage (ed.). The Cambridge History of Africa vol. 2 (Cambridge,
1978), pp. 490-555 and 589-636. Comparable periods are treated in vol. 2 of the
UNESCO History of Africa, but this suffers from excesses of ideological posturing.
For the fall of the caliphate and the complex events of the early tenth century see P.c.
Scales. The Fall of the Caliphate of Cin-doba: Berbers and Andalusis in Conflict (Leiden. 1994).
and DJ. Wasserstein. The Caliphate in the West (Oxford. 1993). The latter is rather more
specialised and restricted in its subject matter than its title would suggest. Also of note
is DJ. Wasserstein. The Rise and Fall of the Party-Kings: Politics and Society in Islamic Spain.
1002-1086 (Princeton. 1985).(d) The Christian Realms
There is very little in English on the Asturian and Leonese monarchies; though the
publication of volumes II and III of the New Cambridge Medieval History will partly correct
this lack. The Leonese and Navarrese kingdoms in the mid-tenth century are the subject
ofR. Collins. 'Queens-Dowager and Queens-Regent in Tenth Century Leon and Navarre'
inJ.C. Parsons (ed.), Medieval Queenship (New York, 1993). pp. 79-92. For the practical
application of law in the Christian states see R. Collins, 'Sicut lex Gothorum continet: Law
and Charters in Ninth-and Tenth-Century Leon and Catalonia'. English Historical Re-
view. 100 (1985). pp. 489-512; reprinted with an additional note in the same author's
Law. Culture and Regionalism in Early Medieval Spain (Aldershot. 1992). as is R. Collins.
'Visigothic law and regional custom in disputes in early medieval Spain', originally
published in W. Davies and P. Fouracre (eds). The Settlement of Disputes in Early Medieval
Eurape (Cambridge, 1986). pp. 85-104 and '252-7. For the kingdom of Pamplona or of
Navarre the only account is to be found in R. Collins. The Basques (Oxford. 1986). pp.
99-179. An excellent if short introduction to Galicia in this period is offered in R.
Fletcher. St. James's Catapult (Oxford. 1984), pp. 1-28. On Catalonia and Aragon there
is a useful introduction in the first chapter of T.N. Bisson, The Medieval Crown of Aragon
(Oxford. 1986). The formative period of Catalan political independence is studied in
R. Collins, 'Charles the Bald and Wifred the Hairy' in M. Gibson andJ. Nelson (eds).
Charles the Bald: Court and Kingdom (Oxford. 1981; reprinted with revisions Aldershot.
1990).- SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC
(a) Later Roman Empire and the Fifth Century
To the books by SJ. Keay and LA. Curchin listed in A2(a) above. which both have
chapters on the social structures and on the economy of Roman Spain. should be added
the relevant sections of J. Percival. The Roman Villa (London. 1976) and R. Chevalier.
Roman Roads (London, 1976). See also SJ. Keay. 'The Conventus Tarraconensis in the
third century AD: Crisis or Change?' in A. King and M. Henig (eds) , The Roman West
in the Third Century (Oxford. 1981). pp. 451-86 and B. Jones. 'The Roman mines at Rio
Tinto'. Journal of Roman Studies. 70 (1980), pp. 146-65.
(b) The Visigothic Period
For a rare illumination of aspects of episcopal leadership. corporate activities and chari-
table foundations in one town of Visigothic Spain see the hagiographic text known as
the Vitas PatrumEmeretensium; translated with text and commentary inJ.N. Garvin (ed.).
The 'Vitas Patrum Emeretensium' (Washington. 1946). For some of the uses that can be