thelocalJugendwehrbranchparticipatedinamusteringofthetroops.Theywere
mostlypupilsfromsecondaryschools,amongthemalsovocationalandcom-
mercialschoolstudents.Parentsalsoattendedtheregulareveningtalksessions
onpatriotictopics,therebytighteningtheaspiredconnectionbetweenthemili-
taryandthelocalpopulation’smiddleclassevenfurther.Itisthroughsuch
eventsthattheeducationofa“joyful,healthy,nationalandeagertodefend
youth”wouldbeguaranteed.²⁸
Ineverypublicspeech,ColmarvonderGoltzclaimedthattheBJD’sprimary
aimwasnotmilitarily,butrather“bornebytheonespirit,tomakeourtoday’s
youth[...]defensiveagainsttheenemy,strongagainsttheseductionsoftoday’s
worldandcapableforthepracticallifeofthesinglepersonandofthecollectiv-
ity”.Germanywastohaveagenerationthatwould“obeywillinglyandstand
sentry fearless bearingthe old Germansaying in heart: Much foe, much
honor.”²⁹In asimilarvein,GeneralJungpleadedforsports,exerciseinthe
field,andtheeducationtowardssubordinationtotheordersgivenbysuperiors.
Theboysweretolearnself-sacrifice,butforthispurposenoentirelymilitary
stylefieldexercisesweretobeapplied.³⁰Furthermore,theinstructorswereto
concentrateonthetrainingofsmall-scaleunits.Thisconceptcanalsobeseen
asthepreliminarymodelofthestormtrooperforcesthatwereestablishedin
theGermanarmyafter 1915 .³¹AccordingtoJung,thecollaborationofofficers
onaregularbasiswouldcreategroupsthatwould“gothroughhellandhigh
water”fortheirleaders.³²Jungconcludedthatitwouldbeofnoimportanceif
thoseofficers heldtheir classesin sportclubs,catholicor protestant Boy
ScoutassociationsoratthelocalbranchesoftheBJD.³³
TheGermanmilitarywasverywellawareofthecritiquetheireffortsmight
provoke.IntheGermanmilitaryencyclopediaentryontheBJD,theabstinence
fromopenlypoliticalagitationwasemphasized:“Anypoliticalactivityremains
excluded;educationinmaledeed[ErziehungzumännlicherTat]remainsthetar-
get.”³⁴However,theBJDwasfarfrombeinganapoliticalorganization.Theactiv-
VonGraevenitz,“DieFreiburgerJugendwehr,”MWB 26 (1912),col. 57 3.
VonFrobel,“DerersteFührerkursusdesJungdeutschland-Bundes,”MWB 14 9(1912),cols.
3401 etseq.
Generalmajorz.D.Jung,“DerJungdeutschland-BundunddieMitarbeitderArmeeundMa-
rineindiesemBunde,”MWB 37 (1914),col. 77 8.
Krethlow,GeneralfeldmarschallGoltz,5 07.
Jung,“DerJungdeutschland-Bund,”col 77 9.
Jung,“DerJungdeutschland-Bund,”col. 78 0.
Anonymous,“Jungdeutschland,”inHandbuchfürHeerundFlotte,vol.5,ed.GeorgvonAlten
andHansvonAlbert(Berlin:Bong,1 91 4), 20 6.
110 3German-Ottoman/TurkishCooperationintheMobilizationofYouth