The \'German Spirit\' in the Ottoman and Turkish Army, 1908-1938. A History of Military Knowledge Transfer - Gerhard Grüßhaber

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tweentheBundJungdeutschlandandtheHitlerYouth.²⁷⁸Toacertaindegreethis
wasalsothecasefortheTurkishmodel,thoughitneverreachedthedimensions
ofanall-encompassingtotalitarianstateyouthduetomonetaryrestrictions.
AftertheanalysisoftheGerman-Ottoman/Turkishcivil-militarycooperation
intheestablishmentofparamilitaryyouthorganizationswewillreturntothe
transferofmilitaryknowledge.After1918,theteachingof(retired)Germanoffi-
cersinTurkeyandtheinterestoftheTurkisharmy’sleadershipintheGerman
modelcontinued.However,asitalsobecameevidentinthischapter,scepticism
abouttheapplicabilityofGermanmilitaryknowledgeandpracticesinaTurkish
environmenthadincreasedafterthedefeatof1918.


1944 ,”inFanaticismandConflictintheModernAge,ed.MatthewHughesandGaynorJohnson
(London,NewYork:FrankCass,2005), 81 – 100.
Schäfer,Militarismus,Nationalismus,Antisemitismus,4 49 ;Krethlow,Generalfeldmarschall
Goltz,4 06 ,4 16.


160 3German-Ottoman/TurkishCooperationintheMobilizationofYouth

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