tweentheBundJungdeutschlandandtheHitlerYouth.²⁷⁸Toacertaindegreethis
wasalsothecasefortheTurkishmodel,thoughitneverreachedthedimensions
ofanall-encompassingtotalitarianstateyouthduetomonetaryrestrictions.
AftertheanalysisoftheGerman-Ottoman/Turkishcivil-militarycooperation
intheestablishmentofparamilitaryyouthorganizationswewillreturntothe
transferofmilitaryknowledge.After1918,theteachingof(retired)Germanoffi-
cersinTurkeyandtheinterestoftheTurkisharmy’sleadershipintheGerman
modelcontinued.However,asitalsobecameevidentinthischapter,scepticism
abouttheapplicabilityofGermanmilitaryknowledgeandpracticesinaTurkish
environmenthadincreasedafterthedefeatof1918.
1944 ,”inFanaticismandConflictintheModernAge,ed.MatthewHughesandGaynorJohnson
(London,NewYork:FrankCass,2005), 81 – 100.
Schäfer,Militarismus,Nationalismus,Antisemitismus,4 49 ;Krethlow,Generalfeldmarschall
Goltz,4 06 ,4 16.
160 3German-Ottoman/TurkishCooperationintheMobilizationofYouth