andsuddenleaveofHeinrichvonHoff.⁷⁹InhisdissertationontheOttomanmo-
bilization,MehmetBeşikçialsoanalyzedtheOttomanyouthorganization.Beşik-
çiratedthoseeffortsasapartofthetotalwar,thenceforthalsocreatingresist-
anceamongtheOttomanpopulation.⁸⁰Themostextensivestudydealingwith
thissubjectwaswrittenbyErolAkcan.HeassessestheOttomanyouthorganiza-
tionasapurelymilitarynecessityandasanoutcomeoftheGerman-Ottoman
alliance.Hemanagestodetectseveralwrongscientificviews,whereashismon-
olingualselectionofsourcescontributestotheinaccurateimageoftheseyouth
organizationasbeingunrelatedtotheemergingTurkishnationalism.⁸¹Despite
thesedrawbacks,Akcanprovidesanoutlookforthefurtherdevelopmentof
plansforastateledyouthorganizationintheearlyRepublicofTurkey,which
isalsodealtbyYiğitAkıninhisstudyontheroleofsportsintheTurkishnation
state.Akınillustrateshowthemilitaryandcivilianauthoritiescontinuedtoad-
heretooldOttomanpolicies,therebyservingthepurposeofnationbuildingdur-
ingtheinterwarperiod.⁸²
ThemutualcontactsbetweentheGermansandformerOttomanshaveonly
recentlybecomeatopicofinterest.Political-historyapproachestotheGerman-
Turkishpostwarrelationsaremanifold.⁸³WhileKoçakandÖzgüldür⁸⁴focused
onaratherdescriptiveaccountofthemilitarycooperationoftheformerallies,
Wolf-OrlandNaumann⁸⁵gaveadetailedanalysisoftheeconomicandmilitary
SanemYamakAteş,AskerEvlatlarYetiştirmek:II.MeşrutiyetDönemi’ndeBedenTerbiyesi,
AskerîTalimveParamiliterGençlikÖrgütleri[EducatingChildSoldiers:PhysicalEducation,Mili-
taryEducationandParamilitaryYouthOrganizationsintheSecondConstitutionalPeriod](Istan-
bul:İletişim, 2012 ).
MehmetBeşikçi,TheOttomanMobilizationofManpowerintheFirstWorldWar:BetweenVol-
untarismandResistance(Leiden:Brill, 2012 ), 203 – 24 5.
ErolAkcan,İttihatveTerakkiFırkası’nınParamiliterGençlikKuruluşları[TheParamilitary
YouthFoundationsbythePartyforUnionandProgress](Ankara:TürkTarihKurumu, 20 15).
YiğitAkın,GürbüzveYavuzEvlatlar:ErkenCumhuriyet’teBedenTerbiyesiveSporHealthy
andSturdyChildren:PhysicalEducationandSportintheEarlyRepublic, 126 – 17 0.
StefanIhrig,AtatürkintheNaziImagination(Cambridge/Mass.,London:Belknap, 2014 );
StefanIhrig,JustifyingGenocide:GermanyandtheArmeniansfromBismarcktoHitler(Cam-
bridge:HarvardUniversityPress, 20 16).
CemilKoçak,Türk-Almanİlişkileri 1923 – 1939:İkiDünyaSavaşıArasındakiDönemdeSiyasal,
Kültürel,AskeriveEkonomikİlişkilerTurkish-GermanRelations 1923 – 1939 :Political,Cultural,
MilitaryandEconomicRelationsbetweenthetwoWorldWars;
YavuzÖzgüldür,Türk-Almanİliskileri, 1923 – 1945 [Turkish-GermanRelations,1 923 – 1945 ](An-
kara:GenelkurmayBasimevi, 199 3).
Wolf-OrlandNaumann,“DiepolitischenBeziehungenzwischenDeutschlandundderTürkei
1923 – 1935 ”(PhDdiss.,Humboldt-UniversitätBerlin, 199 3).
18 1Introduction