564 Bibliographic Essaynot quite a moral) sense even in animals, see Marc Bekoff and Jessica Pierce, Wild
Justice: Th e Moral Lives of Animals (University of Chicago Press, 2009). On parochial
altruism, see Edward O. Wilson, Th e Social Conquest of the Earth (W. W. Norton,
2012), 57– 76, 241– 54. For the famous experiment demonstrating the power of reci-
procity, see Robert Axelrod, Th e Evolution of Cooperation (Basic, 1984).
For a broad- ranging survey of prehistoric and early historic intertribal and “inter-
national” relations, see Ragnar Numelin, Th e Beginnings of Diplomacy: A So cio log i cal
Study of Intertribal and International Relations (Oxford University Press, 1950).
For treatment of the ancient Middle Eastern and Mediterranean civilizations
(Egypt, the Middle East, Greece, and Rome), see David J. Bederman, International
Law in Antiquity (Cambridge University Press, 2001), which deals with the three ma-
jor areas of state practice in antiquity: diplomacy (88– 120), treaty making (137– 206),
and warfare (207– 66).
On the ancient Middle East, the leading work is Amnon Altman, Tracing the Earli-
est Recorded Concepts of International Law: Th e Ancient Near East (2500– 330 bce)
(Martinus Nijhoff , 2012). A brief but informative survey of the system of states may be
found in Adam Watson, Th e Evolution of International Society (Routledge, 1992), 24–
- For a far more detailed treatment, with substantial legal content, see Amanda H.
Podany, Brotherhood of Kings: How International Relations Shaped the Ancient Near
East (Oxford University Press, 2010), covering the period up to the thirteenth century
b.c. On treaty- making practice specifi cally, see Peter Karavites, Promise- Giving and
Treaty- Making: Homer and the Near East (E. J. Brill, 1992); Donald L. Magnetti, “Th e
Function of the Oath in the Ancient Near Eastern International Treaty,” 72 AJIL 815–
29 (1978); and Bederman, International Law in Antiquity, 137– 54.
On ancient India, there is an acute shortage of good material. Useful information
on relevant legal theory may be found in Frank M. Russell, Th eories of International
Relations (D. Appleton- Century, 1936), 37– 50. Kautilya naturally attracts the lion’s
share of attention. See George Modelski, “Kautilya: Foreign Policy and International
System in the Ancient Hindu World,” 58 Am. Pol. Sci. Rev. 549– 60 (1964); and, more
specifi cally legal in focus, C. H. Alexandrowicz, “Kautilyan Principles and the Law of
Nations,” 41 BYBIL 301– 20 (1965– 66). See also H. S. Bhatia (ed.), International Law
and Practice in Ancient India (Deep and Deep, 1977); and Nagendra Singh, “Th e Dis-
tinguishing Characteristics of the Concept of the Law of Nations as It Developed in
Ancient India,” in Maarten Bos and I. Brownlie (eds.), Liber Amicorum for Lord Wil-
berforce, 91– 107 (Clarendon Press, 1987). On warfare, see V. R. Ramachandra Dikshi-
tar, War in Ancient India (Macmillan, 1948).
Ancient China is better served, although there is no recent book- length treatment
of international law in any major Eu ro pe an language. Th e best work available there-
fore continues to be Richard Lewis Walker, Th e Multi- State System of Ancient China
(Shoe String Press, 1953). See also Rune Svarverud, International Law as World Order
in Late Imperial China: Translation, Reception and Discourse, 1847– 1911 (Leiden:
Brill, 2007), 150– 61; Watson, Evolution of International Society, 85– 93; and Roswell S.