566 Bibliographic Essayare discussed. For a forceful pre sen ta tion of the case for a strong international legal
sense among the Greek city- states, see Peter Hunt, War, Peace, and Alliance in Demos-
thenes’ Athens (Cambridge University Press, 2010), 215– 36. On international law in
ancient Greece generally, see Johnston, Historical Foundations, 180– 99. On laws of
warfare in ancient Greece, see Josiah Ober, “Classical Greek Times,” in Michael How-
ard, George J. Andreopoulos, and Mark R. Shulman (eds.), Th e Laws of War: Con-
straints on Warfare in the Western World, 12– 26 (Yale University Press, 1994). For a
contrary view, fl atly denying the existence of international law in ancient Greece, see
Eckstein, Mediterranean Anarchy, 37– 42, who writes from the standpoint of the real-
ist school of international relations.
On theoretical speculations in ancient Greece, see Russell, Th eories of International
Relations, 51– 74. On Plato’s ideas on international relations, an excellent short discus-
sion may be found in Ernest Barker, Greek Po liti cal Th eory: Plato and His Pre de ces sors
(5th ed.; Methuen, 1960), 307– 11. On the ideas of the stoics, see David Boucher, Po liti-
cal Th eories of International Relations: From Th ucydides to the Present (Ox ford Uni-
versity Press, 1998), 176– 80.
On state practice in international law among the Greek states, see Dominque
Gaurier, Histoire du droit international: Auteurs, doctrines et développement de
l’Antiquité à l’aube de la période contemporaine (Presses universitaires de Rennes,
2005), 52– 66. See also George A. Sheets, “Conceptualizing International Law in
Th ucydides,” 115 American Journal of Philology 51– 73 (1994). For a thoroughgoing
study of neutrality, see Robert A. Bauslaugh, Th e Concept of Neutrality in Classical
Greece (University of California Press, 1991). On the important topic of arbitration,
see Marcus Niebuhr Tod, International Arbitration amongst the Greeks (Clarendon
Press, 1913); and Sheila L. Ager, Interstate Arbitrations in the Greek World, 337– 90 b.c.
(University of California Press, 1996), for a comprehensive collection of all arbitration
material for the relevant period. On treaty making, see Bederman, International Law
in Antiquity, 154– 83.
Ancient Rome, for such a legalistic society, has produced or inspired disappointingly
little material on international law. See, however, Johnston, Historical Foundations,
199– 227. On Roman state practice, see Gaurier, Histoire du droit international, 56– 80.
See also Watson, Evolution of International Society, 94– 106. On the ius fetiale, see Alan
Wat son, International Law in Archaic Rome: War and Religion (Johns Hopkins Univer-
sity Press, 1993). For a perceptive analysis of Roman treaty making, see Christian Bal-
dus, “Vestigia pacis. Th e Roman Peace Treaty: Structure or Event?” in Randall Lesaff er
(ed .), Peace Treaties and International Law in Eu ro pe an History: From the Late Middle
Ages to World War One, 103– 46 (Cambridge University Press, 2004). For two instruc-
tively disparate views of an incident in 191 b.c., involving an attempted surrender to
Rome of the Aetolian League forces, see Paul J. Burton, “Ancient International Law, the
Aetolian League, and the Ritual of Surrender during the Roman Republic: A Construc-
tivist View,” 31 Int’l Hist. Rev. 237– 52 (2009); and Arthur M. Eckstein, “Ancient ‘Inter-
national Law’, the Aetolian League, and the Ritual of Unconditional Surrender to