588 Bibliographic EssayArbitration is still another aspect of nineteenth- century international law that is not
adequately treated in secondary literature, despite a wealth of material. On the Geneva
arbitration of 1872 between the United States and Britain, a fi ne study is Adrian Cook,
Th e Alabama Claims: American Politics and Anglo- American Relations, 1865– 1872 (Cor-
nell University Press, 1975). On commissions of inquiry, see Nissim Bar- Yaacov, Th e
Handling of International Disputes by Means of Inquiry (Oxford University Press, 1974).
On the two Hague Peace Conferences, there is a fairly substantial literature. For an
excellent and lively account, though not focusing closely on legal questions, see Bar-
bara W. Tuchman, Th e Proud Tower: A Portrait of the World before the War 1890– 1914
(Macmillan, 1966), 265– 338. On the fi rst conference, see Dan L. Morrill, “Nicholas II
and the Call for the First Hague Conference,” 43 J. Mod. Hist. 296– 313 (1974); and
Arthur Eyffi nger, Th e 1899 Hague Peace Conference: ‘Th e Parliament of Man, the Fed-
eration of the World’ (Kluwer Law International, 1999). On the role of the United
States at the fi rst conference, see Calvin DeArmond Davis, Th e United States and the
First Hague Peace Conference (Cornell University Press, 1962); and, at the second,
Calvin DeArmond Davis, Th e United States and the Second Hague Peace Conference
(Duke University Press, 1976).
On humanitarian intervention in the nineteenth century, see Gary J. Bass, Free-
dom’s Battle: Th e Origin of Humanitarian Intervention (Alfred A. Knopf, 2008), which
covers three major crises in detail— the Greek in de pen dence war in the 1820s, com-
munal strife in Syria in the 1860s, and the Bulgarian atrocities of the 1870s. Covering
a great many more situations, from the seventeenth to the twentieth centuries, is
Brendan Simms and D. J. B. Trim (eds.), Humanitarian Intervention: A History (Ca m-
bridge University Press, 2011). On the Syrian aff air, see also Stephen Kloepfer, “Th e
Syrian Crisis 1860– 61: A Case Study in Classic Humanitarian Intervention,” 23 Cana-
dian Y.B. Int’l L. 246– 59 (1985).
Several par tic u lar disputes of the nineteenth century have attracted some careful
attention. On the Don Pacifi co aff air of 1850 (between Britain and Greece), see Jasper
Ridley, Lord Palmerston (Constable, 1970), 374– 76, 379– 89. On the Rus sian denuncia-
tion of the Treaty of Paris arrangements on the Black Sea in 1870– 71, see David J. Be-
derman, “Th e 1871 London Declaration, Rebus sic Stantibus and a Primitivist View of
the Law of Nations,” 82 AJIL 1– 40 (1988). On the blockade of Venezuela in 1902– 3,
there is an excellent short account in Dana G. Munro, Intervention and Dollar Diplo-
macy in the Ca rib be an 1900– 1921 (Prince ton University Press, 1964), 66– 77. See also
Andrew Graham- Yooll, Imperial Skirmishes: War and Gunboat Diplomacy in Latin
America (Signal, 2002), 145– 57; and Miriam Hood, Gunboat Diplomacy: Great Power
Pressure in Venezuela, 1795– 1905 (2nd ed.; Allen and Unwin, 1983). On Luis Maria
Drago, see Verena Botzenhart- Viehe, “Luis María Drago,” in Frank W. Th ackeray and
John E. Findling (eds.), Statesmen Who Changed the World: A Bio- Bibliographical
Dictionary of Diplomacy, 175– 83 (Greenwood Press, 1993).
On Marxist perspectives on international law and international relations in the
nineteenth century, see David Boucher, Po liti cal Th eories of International Relations: