Bibliographic Essay 589
From Th ucydides to the Present (Oxford University Press, 1998), 354– 74. On the Calvo
Clause, see Donald Richard Shea, Th e Calvo Clause: A Problem of Inter- American and
International Diplomacy (University of Minnesota Press, 1955). On the Drago Doc-
trine, see Arthur P. Whitaker, Th e Western Hemi sphere Idea: Its Rise and Decline
(Cornell University Press, 1954), 86– 107.
- Dreams Born and Shattered
For an impressively general survey of international law in the twentieth century, see
Carlo Focarelli, “International Law in the 20th Century,” in Alexander Orakhelashvili
(ed .), Research Handbook on the Th eory and History of International Law, 478– 525
(Edward Elgar, 2011). On the interwar period specifi cally, see Peter Krüger, “From the
Paris Peace Treaties to the End of the Second World War,” in Bardo Fassbender and
Anne Peters (eds.), Th e Oxford Handbook of the History of International Law, 679– 98
(Oxford University Press, 2012). For a general history of international aff airs in the
interwar period, G. M. Gathorne- Hardy, A Short History of International Aff airs 1920
to 1939 (3rd ed.; Oxford University Press, 1942) continues to be extremely useful.
Th e literature on legal issues that arose in the First World War is im mense. A lead-
ing work is James Wilford Garner, International Law and the World War (2 vols.;
Longmans, 1920), concentrating on issues of importance to the United States. Th ere is
a strange lack of precise information, though, on the activities of many international
lawyers. For an exception in the case of Oppenheim, see Mathias Schmoeckel, “Con-
sent and Caution: Lassa Oppenheim and His Reaction to World War I,” in Randall
Lesaff er (ed.), Peace Treaties and International Law in Eu ro pe an History: From the
Late Middle Ages to World War One, 270– 88 (Cambridge University Press, 2004). On
neutrality issues, see Edgar E. Turlington, Neutrality: Its History, Economics and Law:
Th e World War Period (Columbia University Press, 1936); Alice N. Morrissey, Th e
American Defense of Neutral Rights 1914– 1917 (Harvard University Press, 1939); Er-
nest R. May, Th e United States and American Isolation 1914– 1917 (Harvard University
Press, 1959); John W. Coogan, Th e End of Neutrality: Th e United States, Britain, and
Maritime Rights 1899– 1915 (Cornell University Press, 1981). For a briefer survey of
neutrality issues, see Stephen C. Neff , Th e Rights and Duties of Neutrals: A General
History (Manchester University Press, 2000), 145– 65. On an abortive attempt by the
United States and Britain to resolve contentious issues aft er the war, see B. J. C. McK-
ercher, “A British View of American Foreign Policy: Th e Settlement of Blockade
Claims, 1924– 1927,” 3 Int’l Hist. Rev. 358– 84 (1981).
On the legal issues that faced the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, see Robert Lan-
sing, “Some Legal Questions of the Peace Conference,” 13 AJIL 631– 50 (1919). On
dealing with war crimes, see James F. Willis, Prologue to Nuremberg: Th e Politics and
Diplomacy of Punishing War Criminals of the First World War (Greenwood Press,
1982). On the Leipzig war crimes trials in par tic u lar, see Harald Wiggenhorn, Verlier-
erjustiz: Die Leipziger Kriegsverbrecherprozesse nach dem Ersten Weltkrieg (Nomos