For very brief statements of the absence of evidence for wheeled vehicles in Greece
prior to the Shaft Graves see Childe 1951, p. 193 and Foltiny 1959, p. 56. Crouwel
1981, pp. 147–149, in discussing the probable provenance of the chariots that came
to Greece at the beginning of the Mycenaean period, did not deal with the evidence
from language.
9 Crouwel 1981, pp. 54–56; Crouwel 2004, p. 341.
10 Bondár 2012, pp. 72 and 103, counted eighteen clay models from the Baden culture
(late 4th to early 3rd millennium BC) in the Carpathian basin, and another eighty-
nine from the Early and Middle Bronze Age.
11 Penner 1998; Harding 2005; on Mitrou see Maran and Van de Moortel 2014, although
the authors attribute the transformation of Mitrou to natives rather than to outsiders.
12 Whittaker 2014, p. 208.
13 For a review different from mine of the militarizing of Greece see Phialon 2013, a
summary of her doctoral dissertation. At p. 32 Phialon discusses bows and arrows
(her “6000 points de fleche” should be emended to 600), and in another short
paragraph on pp. 34–35 she deals with chariots, but she does not connect chariots or
any of the new weapons with a military event.
14 Dickinson 2010.
15 On the basis of both the archaeological record in Greece and the Hittite texts Jorrit
Kelder (see Kelder 2010 and Kelder 2012) has well argued that there was not just a
kingdom but in fact a Great Kingdom, ruled by a LUGAL.GAL, in Ahhiya.
16 For a translation of paragraph 12 of the Indictment of Madduwatta see Beckman,
Bryce and Cline 2011, p. 81.
17 Paragraph 36 in the numeration of Beckman, Bryce and Cline 2011.
18 See Kelder 2012, p. 43:
The attribution of the title “Great King” (LUGAL.GAL in the texts) to the King
of Ahhiyawa is significant. As has been noted above, the title was used by only
a handful of Near Eastern rulers; all of whom exercised rule over large swathes
of land, including various subservient kingdoms of vassal states. It thus seems
logical to suppose that Ahhiyawa—wherever one is inclined to situate it—was
organized along the same, Near Eastern, lines. In other words, Ahhiyawa must
have included a core-state (a heartland) that was ruled directly by the Great King,
and several vassal states.19 Kopanias 2015, pp. 212–215, describes the hostilities between the kings of Ahhiyawa
and Hatti over Wilusa and Millawanda in the 13th century BC(reigns of Hattushili
III and Tudhaliya IV).
20 Lohmann 2010, p. 38, writes that an earlier settlement at Kiapha Thiti was abandoned
at the end of the EH II period. “Nach einem Hiatus von mehreren Jahrhunderten
erfolgte mit der Errichtung der über 160 m langen Unteren Ringmauer in
Mittelhelladisch III der Ausbau der Akropole zu einer mächtigen Burganlage.”
21 See Berman 2004. At pp. 16–17 Berman inclines toward the view that Θῆβαι has an
Indo-European root, whereas Καδμεῖοι (the collective ethnonym long antedates the
personal Kadmos, and probably also the toponym Kadmeia) clearly has a Semitic
root: “easterners.” At p. 19 Berman concludes, “When all the evidence is taken
together, it makes some sense to conclude that the ‘Theban’ twin-foundation
represents an Indo-European motif that has older roots in central Greece than the
archaic-style foundation narrative of Kadmos and the Kadmeians.”
22 I refer to the current excavations at Agios Vassilios hill, near the village of Xirokampi
in Lakonia. Xirokampi is about 8 miles south of Sparta, and in the eastern foothills
of the Taygetos range. Something was built there at the MH/LH transition, and after
it was destroyed by fire a small palace was built, which in turn was burned in the
14th century BC, baking a considerable number of Linear B tablets.
Militarism in Greece 207