Monumental Art in the Lordship of Athens and Thebes 371
fusion, and appropriation will tentatively be addressed in the following on the
basis primarily of the extant artistic evidence.5
Monumental Art of Latin Patronage
In eastern central Greece over which extended the Lordship, and later Duchy,
of Athens and Thebes, the Latin administrative and ecclesiastical authorities
settled in the Byzantine castles of the Acropolis in Athens and the Kadmeia
in Thebes.6 The Frankish overlords reinforced the Byzantine fortifications and
built or turned existing buildings into fortified residences. Orthodox churches
were converted into Latin churches7 and new religious houses were founded
in Thebes, in Athens and their environs by Latin religious orders, mainly
Benedictines, Franciscans, Dominicans, and Premonstratensians.8 Daphni,
5 Sophia Kalopissi-Verti, “Επιπτώσεις της Δ ́ Σταυροφορίας στη μνημειακή ζωγραφική της
Πελοποννήσου και της ανατολικής Στερεάς Ελλάδας έως τα τέλη του 13ου αιώνα / The Impact
of the Fourth Crusade on Monumental Painting in the Peloponnese and Eastern Central
Greece up to the End of the Thirteenth Century,” in Byzantine Art in the Aftermath of the
Fourth Crusade: The Fourth Crusade and its Consequences, International Congress, March 9–12,
2004 , ed. Panayotis L. Vocotopoulos (Athens, 2007), pp. 63–88, colour pls. 6–7, pls. 44–48. For
a short survey of the archaeological and art historical evidence in the Lordship of Athens and
Thebes, eadem, “Relations between East and West in the Lordship of Athens and Thebes after
1204: Archaeological and Artistic Evidence,” in Archaeology and the Crusades: Proceedings of
the Round Table, Nicosia, 1 February 2005, ed. Peter Edbury and Sophia Kalopissi-Verti (Athens,
2007), pp. 1–33, figs. 1–15.
6 On Thebes, Sarantis Symeonoglou, The Topography of Thebes from the Bronze Age to Modern
Times (Princeton, 1985); Charis Koilakou, “Byzantine Thebes,” in Heaven and Earth: Cities and
Countryside in Byzantine Greece, ed. Jenny Albani and Eugenia Chalkia (Athens, 2013), pp.
187–89. On the fortifications of Athens, see above n. 1. On the Frankish phase of the Acropolis,
see Manolis Korres, “O Παρθενώνας από την αρχαία εποχή μέχρι τον 19ο αι.” [“The Parthenon
from Antiquity until the 19th Century”], in O Παρθενώνας και η ακτινοβολία του στα νεώτερα
χρόνια [Parthenon and its Radiance in the Modern Age], ed. Panayotis Tournikiotis (Athens,
1994), pp. 148–51; Tasos Tanoulas, Τα Προπύλαια της αθηναϊκής Ακρόπολης κατά τον Μεσαίωνα [The
Propylaea of the Athenian Acropolis during the Middle Ages], 2 vols. (Athens, 1997), 1:291–309;
idem, “The Propylaea and the Western Access of the Acropolis,” in Acropolis Restoration: The
ccam Interventions, ed. Richard Economakis (London, 1994), pp. 52–67.
7 For a brief overview, Kalopissi-Verti, “Relations between East and West,” pp. 9–12.
8 On the presence of the Benedictines in the East, see recently Marina Koumanoudi, Οι
Βενεδικτίνοι στην Ελληνολατινική Ανατολή: Η περίπτωση της μονής του Αγίου Γεωργίου Μείζονος
Βενετίας (11ος–15oς αι.) [The Benedictines in the Greco-Latin East: The Case of the Monastery
of San Giorgio Maggiore of Venice (11th–15th Centuries)] (Athens, 2011); on the church of St
George in Thebes mentioned in four documents dated between 1270 and 1340, ibid. pp. 141–43.