320 INDEXRoman citizenship, 40, 105, 161 taxation, 40, 125–28; Hasmonean, 41; Ptolem-
Roman law; as historical evidence, 187; con- aic, 28; Roman, 105.See also apostole, fis-
cerning Jews, 186–95 cus iudaicus
Roman legions, 107–8, 133; salary of troops Tchalenko, Georges, 212, 213
in, 150–51 Tcherikover, Victor, 32–33, 56
Roman provincial law, 70, 106, 111 temple: of Jerusalem, 217–22: in art, 249; con-
struction of, 20; destruction of, 104; Hero-
Sadducees, 43, 49, 64, 81, 92–98; Herod’s re- dian reconstruction of, 47; imperial patron-
lations with, 45.See alsosects age of, 55; as symbol, 61; synagogue as
Salome Alexandra, 42, 45 reflection of, 259; in Egypt, 217; Oniad, 218
Salome Komaise, archive of, 71 Tertullian, 172, 189–90
Samaria, 25, 33, 38, 57, 207 Theodosian Code, 114, 116, 118, 120, 185, 187
Samaritans, 36, 37, 48, 191, 198, 205, 213, Theodosius I, 186, 192, 193, 194
221.See alsoMount Gerizim, Shechem Theodosius II, 183, 192
Sanders, Edward P., 66, 81, 91 Tiberias, 11, 57, 61, 104, 113, 117, 118, 124,
Scythopolis.SeeBeth Shean 132, 173, 204, 207; bishops in, 205;
scribes, 11–12, 29, 64, 68, 72, 90; as mantics, Hamat, 117, 137, 143, 206, 255; and the
82–84, 86; multilingualism of, 107; priests Palestinian Talmud, 145–48; synagogues
and levites as, 74 in, 143, 205, 224
sects, 91–98; size of, 93–95.See alsoPhari- Tobiads, 22, 27–28, 29, 33, 35, 57
sees, Sadducees, Essenes, Christians Torah.SeePentateuch, Torah scrolls, Torah
Sefer Harazim, 84, 180, 258 shrines
Sefer Yezirah, 180 Torah scrolls, 50, 59, 60, 224, 241–43, 248;
Seleucids, 29, 33, 36, 106 reading of, 218, 221, 222, 241; sanctity of,
senate: of Constantinople, 117, 118, 198; of 231–33; as symbols, 61; in synagogues, 63,
Rome, 35, 44 259; translation of, 220, 242–43; written by
Sepphoris, 104, 108, 113, 118, 119, 124, 132, magicians, 232
134, 204, 207; bishops in, 205; priests in, Torah shrines, 242; in iconography, 244–45,
254
144; synagogues in, 143, 205, 248–52, 253, Toubias.SeeTobiads
254, 255, 259 trade, 108, 113, 126, 131, 212; velocity of,
Septimius Severus, 137, 139, 141, 142 278–80
Serekh Hayahad, 75, 78, 79–81.See also tryphe, 152–52
Dead Sea scrolls Tyre, 27, 32
Shechem, 37, 138, 141.See alsoSamaritans
Simon the Hasmonean, 35, 36 Urbach, E. E., 172, 255
Simonias, 121–22
slaves, 195 Venusia, 125, 198
structural functionalism, 3–4 Vespasian, 130, 131, 137, 188
synagogues, 57–58, 131; art in, 104, 135, 246,
247, 249–52 (see alsoiconography); com- Wasserstein, Abraham, 70
mon meals in, 221, 222, 223; communal Weber, Max, 5, 153
ownership of, 233; confusion with temples Weiss, Ze’ev, 248–52
of, 237; dating of, 208–12; destruction of, wisdom literature, 29–31.See also Ben Sira,
195; in fortresses, 225; in Jerusalem, 223– Job, Koheleth
24; in Nazareth, 223; prayer in, 218, 221; Yannai thepayyetan, 181, 263, 268–70
rabbinization of, 259–74; rabbis’ relations Yohanan bar Nappaha, Rabbi, 140, 173
with, 116, 124, 238; sacrifices in, 221; sanc-
tity of, 227, 236–37 Zadokites, 34, 50
Syria, 26, 33, 126, 203, 207, 285–86; eco- Zionism, 5–7
nomic boom in, 212; pagan shrines in, zodiacs, 244, 249, 253, 255–56, 258–59, 271–
211, 247, 253, 282 72.See alsoastrology, mosaics