INDEX 319Josephus, 11, 27, 37, 39, 61, 64, 81, 86, 87– parnasim.Seecharity, community
88, 91, 132, 218; documents quoted by, 54, Parthian Empire, 1, 43, 44
60; in Galilee, 72; on the Hasmonean patriarchs, 185, 196; crypto-Christianity of,
expansion, 41; population numbers in, 93, 205; end of, 180, 192; imperial patronage
95; as priest, 90 of, 192; influence in villages of, 277; in
Jotapata, 36 public fasts, 231; and synagogues, 286–87
Jubilees, Book of, 75, 79, 80, 82 patronage, 196, 197, 198, 201, 222, 227–28;
Judah I Ha-nasi, Rabbi, 113, 118, 121–22, patriarchs and, 115; rabbis and, 128; rural,
138, 140, 211 285–86
Judah Maccabee, 34, 35, 50 Paul, 65, 78, 84
Judas the Galilean, 88, 89, 92 Pentateuch, 65; authorization as law code of,
Julian the Apostate, 116, 127 20–22, 55–58; interpretation of, 67; norma-
Justinian, 179, 186, 199 tive status of, 68–74; oral Torah and, 68; re-
Justinian Code, 193 distributive program of, 227–28.See also
Torah scrolls
Koheleth, 10, 29, 30, 31, 77, 83 Persian Empire, 20, 24, 26, 52
Pharisees, 43, 49, 58, 62, 64, 88, 92–98, 110,
Legio-Capercotna, 108, 133 112; Herod’s relations with, 45.See also
Libanius, 118, 201, 285–86 sects
Lieberman, Saul, 162, 182 Philo of Alexandria, 86, 218, 220, 221
literacy, 11, 29, 63, 83, 109 pilgrimage, 46, 47, 58, 110, 223; Christian,
liturgy, 250; rabbinization of, 263; relation to 207; disorder during, 97; economic impact
epigraphy of, 280.See also piyyut of, 94
Lydda, 58, 104, 113, 130, 132; coins of, 139 piyyut, 180, 199, 205, 243, 250, 258, 263–74;
attitude to Christianity in, 270; audience
Maccabean Revolt, 22–25, 76 of, 267; non-rabbinic, 264; origins of, 267;
Maccabees, First Book of, 33, 59, 61, 81, 87 relation tokontakionof, 266; social history
Maccabees, Second Book of, 35, 40, 55, 59 of, 265; zodiac in, 270–73.See alsoliturgy
magic, 84–87, 89, 116, 147 Pompey, 41, 43, 77
marginaliztion, 179, 194–99 population size, of Palestine, 10–11, 41
Martial, 109 priests (kohanim), 11–12, 40, 42, 61–62; gifts
menorah, 50, 253; as symbol, 156, 244–45, to, 110–13; Herod and, 45; as landowners,
248, 252, 254, 256 72; in late antique epigraphy, 273; as man-
Meroth, 213, 244, 279 tics, 86; as mediators of Torah, 72; number
Mesopotamia, 26, 43.See alsoBabylonia of, 94–95
minim, 132, 133.See alsoChristians primates, 117, 118, 120–21, 127, 192–93,
Minorca, 126, 196–99 195, 199.See alsoclergy, patriarchs
problem of evil, 30, 76, 83
miqva’ot, 142, 144.See alsobaths proseuche, 217, 218, 221.See alsosynagogues
Mithraism, 225, 250, 284 Ptolemies, 27, 28, 29; Jews’ alliance with, 219
monetization.Seecoins
Mount Gerizim, 37, 39.See alsoSamaritans qahal, 200, 275; rabbinic silence about, 227.
mosaics, 144, 159, 169, 206, 213; funding of, See alsocommunity
(^280) Qasyon, 131
Nabataeans, 37, 38, 44, 51, 70, 72; Roman an- rabbis, 69, 96, 97; attitude to art of, 247, 260;
nexation of, 106, 107, 112 attitude to the synagogue of, 226–39; au-
Negev, 203–4 thority of, 6–7, 13; conception of sanctity
Nehemiah, 20–21, 22, 94 of, 248; marginality of, 199; numbers of, 12
Nerva, 109, 187–88 Rama, er-, 153, 208
Neusner, Jacob, 8–10 Ravenna, 246, 251, 252, 257
Rehov, 260–61, 280
Origen, 113, 211 relics, cult of, 196–99