Medieval France. An Encyclopedia

The years between 1180 and 1220 witnessed an even greater change in the structure and more particularly the size of the nobility ...

that dominion was held in fief; and (4) the nobleman’s personal military status. Stratification lines were drawn first between t ...

denote a strophic poem dealing with the events surrounding the Nativity, usually imitating French or Latin models. Noëls were su ...

bay chevet, was constructed between 1150 and 1250 and shows the transition in Cistercian architecture from Romanesque to Gothic. ...

sought their fortunes and carved new kingdoms in southern Italy and Sicily and in the Holy Land. In the long view, however, it w ...

assassinated in 942 by the count of Flanders, and two years later the Normans faced a two-pronged attack by King Louis IV and Hu ...

When William the Conqueror died in 1087, the realm was divided between his two eldest sons, Robert Curthose, who received Norman ...

Normandy. Since the English king technically held his French lands as the French king’s vassal, John was bound by feudal law to ...

almost six months, and the rest of Normandy then fell swiftly. The English occupation of Normandy lasted for thirty years, durin ...

NORMANS IN SICILY . In 1016, Norman pilgrims returning from the Holy Land disembarked at Bari, then in revolt against the Byzant ...

more sophisticated. Roger II occupied Malta and Tripoli and made Tunis pay him tribute. He divided his diverse kingdom into judi ...

NOTARIES . Notaries existed in medieval France primarily in the south in the high and late Middle Ages, as a result of the writt ...

created during this period to enhance the ceremonies at the cathedral. This musical repertory developed in two phases. The first ...

Page, Christopher. The Owl and the Nightingale: Musical Life and Ideas in France 1100–1300. London: Dent, 1989. Wright, Craig. M ...

Noyon (Oise), plan of Notre-Dame. After Seymour. Noyon, Notre-Dame, south transept. Photograph courtesy of Whitney S. Stoddard. ...

and clerestory. These campaigns were conservative in design when contrasted with the daring elegance of the Saint-Denis choir (1 ...

nunnery might be joined under the direction of a single abbess, such institutions tended to become male-only houses. In the 11th ...

O O ANTIPHONS . These antiphons, sung with the Magni-ficat at First Vespers on the days preceding Christmas, are so named becaus ...

places, these officials had to provide a treat for their colleagues when it was their turn to sing the O antiphon. Joseph H.Dyer ...

religious works. Admixtures of Occitan occur in 1 1th-century Latin documents, and the first non-literary document entirely in O ...