Europe. He taught especially against Averroism and adhered to a curious amalgam of
Arabic and Latin Neoplatonism.
Although Lull’s philosophical system and his polemical thought were adopted by
many in France, they became the object of virulent controversy at the end of the 14th
century. A Dominican inquisitor of Aragon, Nicolas Eymerich, in 1376 obtained a papal
bull that prohibited teaching Lullism, and between 1395 and 1402 Jean Gerson,
chancellor of the University of Paris, forbade Lull’s works. Still, Lullism continued to
have its adherents: through the work of the Neoplatonist Heimeric van de Velde (1395–
1460), who had studied at Paris and later taught at Cologne, it influenced deeply the
thought of Nicholas of Cusa and through him Leibniz and a whole string of thinkers
leading to Hegel at the beginning of the 19th century.
Arjo Vanderjagt
[See also: ABÉLARD, PETER; ALAIN DE LILLE; ALBERT THE GREAT;
AQUINAS, THOMAS; ARABIC INFLUENCE ON LITERATURE; ARISTOTLE,
INFLUENCE OF; CHARLES MARTEL; ÉTIENNE TEMPIER; GERBERT OF
AURILLAC; MAIMONIDES, INFLUENCE OF; PETER THE VENERABLE; PLATO,
INFLUENCE OF; PSEUDO-DIONYSIUS THE AREOPAGITE; SIGER DE
BRABANT; UNIVERSITIES; WILLIAM OF AUVERGNE; WILLIAM OF
CONCHES; WILLIAM OF SAINT-THIERRY]
Daiber, Hans. “Lateinische Ubersetzungen arabischer Texte zur Philosophie und ihre Bedeutung
für die Scholastik des Mittelalters: Stand und Aufgaben der Forschung.” In Rencontres de
cultures dans la philosophie médiévale: traductions et traducteurs de l’antiquité tardive au
XIVe siècle, ed. Jacqueline Hamesse and Marta Fattori. Louvainla-Neuve: Institut d’Études
Médiévales, 1990, pp. 203–50.
Jolivet, Jean. “The Arabic Inheritance.” In A History of Twelfth-Century Western Philosophy, ed.
Peter Dronke. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988, pp. 113–48.
Makdisi, George. The Rise of Humanism in Classical Islam and the Christian West. Edinburgh:
Edinburgh University Press, 1990.
Peters, Francis E. Aristotle and the Arabs: The Aristotelian Tradition in Islam. New York: New
York University Press, 1968.
Urvoy, Dominique. Penser l’Islam: les présupposés islamiques de l’art de Lull Paris: Vrin, 1980.
Watt, W.Montgomery. The Influence of Islam on Medieval Europe. Edinburgh: Edinburgh
University Press, 1972.
ARBITRATION OF DISPUTES
. While the ordeal, the placitum or formal public court hearing, and the feudal court have
been seen as the normal ways in which medieval people resolved disputes, there has been
a growing appreciation of the role of arbitration in dispute settlement. Descriptions of
such settlements appear primarily in ecclesiastical charters and most often concern
property disputes.
Arbitration occurred throughout much of the Middle Ages, but it seems that it was
particularly during the high Middle Ages that adversaries preferred to turn to a third party
to resolve their dispute. Although public officials could serve as arbitrators, they did so
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