Chryse 108, 110; Cinnamon Road 103;
early commerce 111–12; India 112–13;
ivory and rhinoceros horn source93;
Malays 86; Roman Empire 113;
sandalwood source 95; Srivijaya
dominated 120; state building 114
Southwest Asia 14; under Abbasids 138;
Black Death 139; Bronze Age collapse
59; interior of 64, 68; obsidian 20; trade
network spanning 42
Spain 16, 55, 63, 65–66, 69; Roman
Empire 75– 77
Spice Islands 85, 119
spices 8, 36, 56, 63, 87, 140, 142; China
import 117; India export 106; Roman
Empire import 77, 89–90, 91–92;
Southeast Asia export 113
Srivijaya 53, 119– 20
Strabo 10–11; Arabia 102; Ceylon 107;
East Africa 103; Egyptian desert crossing
99; Gaul 80; India 85, 108; Indian gold
and silver mines 97; Laodicean wine 95;
Nile-Suez Canal 50; peridot 95; Petra
101 – 2; Phoenicians 65; realgar 96; Red
Sea ships 89–90; Scythians 126
storax 91, 96, 106
Substantivism 4, 6
Sudan 44, 71
Suebi 80, 82
Suez, Gulf of 45; canal connecting with
Nile 50– 51
Sulawesi 113
sulfide of antimony 96, 106
Sumatra 90, 110, 112–13, 115– 19
Sumer and Sumerians 19, 24–25; lapis
lazuli 38–39; Persian Gulf-Indian Ocean
32 – 33, 35–36, 85
Sunda: chain of islands 110, 112; Straits
116, 118
supply and demand 2–5, 17, 26, 28, 31, 93
Sweden 16, 18
Syria 7, 15, 25, 38, 40, 71, 75; Al Mina
68; Egypt 41; Habula Kabira 26;
Laodicean wine 95; Sumer 25
Tacitus 22
Tadmekka 138
Taklamakan Desert 132– 33
Talaud Islands 113
Tana Tradition 103
Tamils 107
Tamralipti (Tamluk) 108, 116
Tang dynasty 138– 39
Tanzania 103
Tarim Basin 122, 133
TarshishseeTartessia
Tartessia 65–66, 69, 71
taxes, tariffs, customs, duties 51–52, 84;
Arthashastraon 96; China 124, 135, 140;
Egypt 71, 74, 87; frankincense 101;
Funan 115; India 106; Mesopotamia 28;
nomadic pastoralists 126; Nubian states
44; Old Assyrian-Cappadocian system
31; Persian Gulf 36; Roman Empire 76,
82, 89, 92, 98; Srivijaya 119
teak 86, 95
Tepe Hissar 38– 39
textiles 4, 8, 137; Arabia import 95; Axum
import 100; Bronze Age wool 17;
Canaanite 47; Egypt export 43, 48, 71;
India 34, 94, 106, 142; Indian Ocean
90, 140; Mesopotamia export 25, 29–30,
35; Minoan export 56; Phoenician 65;
Roman Empire 77–78, 83; Troy export
61; West Africa import 138
Thailand 96, 111, 113, 116– 17
Thina 109, 123
Thrace 59
Thule 69
Tiberius 98
Tibet 34, 122
timber 8, 41, 78, 140; Black Sea export 71;
Canaanite-Phoenician export 47, 49;
Egypt import 74; Minoan export 56
Timbuktu 138
Timor 110, 115
tin 4, 7, 25, 34; Afghan-Troy 60; Britain
and Brittany export 69; China import
122; Old Assyrian-Cappadocian system
29 – 30; Roman export 96, 106–7;
Southeast Asia 111, 114–16; Tin Islands
66; Uluburun shipwreck 54
tombsseegrave goods
tortoise shell 94, 122; Axum export 100;
Ceylon export 107; Dioscarides export
104; Rhapta export 103; Southeast Asia
export 110, 116; on Uluburun
shipwreck 54
trade: commercial based on market
principles 2–4, 15; Canaanites 48; Egypt
41, 48; obsidian 19; rise of political
power 17, 81; Sumer 26
traders, professional 16, 19, 26–27, 48, 58,
72, 137; China 51–52, 124; India 106;Index 159