Burnt by the Sun. The Koreans of the Russian Far East - Jon K. Chang
Notes to Pages 41–44 209
- J. J. Stephan, Rus sian Far East, 74, 75. A few of the interviewees indicated that in
their families the first priority was to educate their sons. For daughters, education was seen
as less impor tant; see Soon Ok Lee, Interview by Jon Chang, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan, May 24,
- M. T. Kim, Koreiskie, 63. Throughout this study SCCI refers to the Second Con-
gress of the Communist International.
- Both are variations of a game similar to baseball; see Tatiana Nikolaevna Kim,
Interview by Jon Chang, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan, July 28, 2009, and Elizaveta Antonovna Li,
Interview by Jon Chang, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan, July 31, 2009. Ms. Kim and Ms. Li both grew
up in Vladivostok until their deportation.
- See Vladimir Tsoi, Interview by Jon Chang, Kolkhoz Iik Ota, Tashkent, Uz-
bekistan, September 14, 2009.
- Chan Nim Kim, Interview by author, Tashkent, Uzbekistan, May 23, 2009.
Chan Nim Kim was born in 1929 in Olginskii raion, Rus sia, in the village (Korean) of Oh
Pon Nim.
- B. L. Putnam Weale, The Coming Strug gle in Eastern Asia (London: MacMillan &
Co., 1908), 56. For the Orientalized Soviet view of minorities, see Martin, Affirmative
Action Empire, 125, 436.
- Regarding the list of occupations for Chinese, Koreans, and Japa nese in Vladivo-
stok, see Habecker, “Ruling the East,” 274–275. About the opium dens, see A. N. Demy-
anenko and I. V. Frolov, “The Experience of Korean Colonization in the Pres ent Jewish
Autonomous Oblast,” Post- Soviet Geography 33, no. 3 (March 1992): 181.
- Most of the lit er a ture on the RFE repeats that these dens were owned and oper-
ated by the Chinese. Krasnoe znamia names several instances during the early Soviet period
when opium and morphine dens were also owned by Koreans; one example is “Koe- chto o
kitaiskom bazare” (Something about the Chinese bazaar), Krasnoe znamia, December 12,
1922, no. 292(1010) 2. The article mentions that there were both Chinese and Korean
opium and morphine dens.
- Vari ous pictures taken from Millionka (Vladivostok’s Chinatown) in the 1930s
show some of the interior, street scenes, living quarters, a cafeteria, and an opium den. See
Chernolutskaia, Prinuditelnye migratsii na Sovetskom Dalnem Vostoke v 1920–1950e gg.,
243–246.
- Grave, Kitaitsy, 125–126.
- Elizaveta Li stated that the Rus sian mafia was more violent than the Chinese
hunghuzi. “The Rus sians would kill you [for the opium], but the Chinese would only beat
you.” Li moved to Vladivostok as a small child and lived there until 1937. She told of her
older sister’s husband, who grew opium and was almost beaten to death by Rus sian gang-
sters for it; see Elizaveta Li, Interview by Jon Chang, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan, July 51, 2009.
- Soju and makkolli are traditional Korean alcoholic drinks.
- All songs sung by Lev Chugai are translated from Korean by Tae Sun (Hyung
Jin) Shim; see Lev Chugai, Interview by Jon Chang, Tashkent, Uzbekistan, May 26, 2009.
The “Posets Love Song” originated some time in the early 1920s according to Mr. Chugai.
The drinking song has no known date of origin.
- The Shanghai- Chita faction was made up of anti- Japanese partisans. The Irkutsk
faction had no military arms until sometime around spring of 1921. This battle represented
the Soviet government’s transferring their support to a Russified- Korean faction; see Suh,
The Korean Communist Movement 1918–1948, 49–50. This deemphasis of the partisans
