Burnt by the Sun. The Koreans of the Russian Far East - Jon K. Chang
208 Notes to Pages 35–41
- Kotani, Japa nese Intelligence in World War II, 26, 36, and the MacArthur Archives
RG6, Box 99, Folder 1, 9. Page 9 states: d: “Moreover, many of those [spies] who did get
back had abnormally complete information, a sure sign that they were Soviet spies at the
start, or that they had been subverted by the MVD.”
- Five thousand fought in Red Korean partisan units linked to the Red Army. See
Syn Khva Kim, Ocherki po istorii Sovetskikh Koreitsev, 121. Regarding the forty- eight Ko-
rean units, see John J. Stephan,”The Korean Minority in the Soviet Union,” Mizan 13, no. 3
(December 1971): 14 0.
- M. T. Kim, Koreiskie, 20, 77–79, 108.
- J. J. Stephan, Rus sian Far East, 139, 142.
- Ibid., 142, 146–148.
- Iakimov, Dalnii Vostok, 12, and J. J. Stephan, Rus sian Far East, 14 4.
- Smith, Vladivostok under Red and White Rule, 41.
- White, Siberian Intervention, 264.
- Habecker, “Ruling the East,” 3 61.
- Leroy- Beaulieu, Awakening of the East, 167, 174 and Far Eastern Republic, Japa-
nese Intervention, 20–21.
- Hara, “Korean Movement,” 4, and Wolff, “Intelligence Intermediaries,” 309.
- Vacated lands were resold almost exclusively to colonists, land companies, and
corporations that were Japa nese. Exceptions were made for well- placed Korean elites. See
Hatada, History of Korea, 112–114.
- Hara, “Korean Movement,” 8.
- Ibid., 4. Regarding the Bashkirs, see Pipes, Formation of the Soviet Union,
163–164.
- Hara, “Korean Movement,” 8–10.
- Far Eastern Republic, Japa nese Intervention, 18–19. It was only after the Inter-
vention (late 1923) that the rumor of Koreans as “agents” of the Japa nese developed; see the
trial of Chan Kuk San discussed in Chapter 4. However, even in 1927 Anosov did not believe
in this rumor, dismissing it as merely antagonism between Korean and Rus sian peasants
due to tsarist land policies. See “Nado razreshit koreiskii vopros,” Krasnoe znamia, Febru-
ary 13, 1927, no. 36 (1949), written by S. Anosov.
- Over 100,000 Koreans in the RFE and 459,427 in Manchuria in 1920; for Man-
churia, see Chae- Jin Lee, China’s Korean Minority, 20.
- Far Eastern Republic, Japa nese Intervention, 55.
- “The larger Rus sian businessmen, on the other hand, were looked upon by most
members of the community as close collaborators with the Japa nese in the monopolistic
conduct of the fishing business.” See White, Siberian Intervention, 287, which details how
this collaboration continued with the protection of the Whites into 1920. For the general
history of the siege of Nikolaevsk, see White, Siberian Intervention, 284–290.
- Ibid., 284.
- Varneck and Fisher, Testimony of Kolchak and Other Siberian Materials, 360, 364.
- Bisher, W h i te Te r r o r, 78.
- Chong- Sik Lee, Politics of Korean Nationalism, 310n72, gives the date of this
statement as March 1920.
- Hara, “Korean Movement,” 11–12.
- The 1910 Korean petition for universal citizenship for Korean RFE residents
names many of these centers, see Grave, Kitaitsy, 423.
