234 Notes to Pages 153–156
Compared, ed. Sheila Fitzpatrick and Michael Geyer (Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press, 2009), 69.
- Burds, “Soviet War,” 272, states, “By mid-1938, a pathological distrust of foreigners
and their accomplices and a mad search for potential spies had poisoned the atmosphere of
everyday life in the Soviet Union.” This author believes that in the RFE this atmosphere began
with Afanasii Kim’s arrest (Korean chairman of the Poset VKP) in 1936. The Pravda articles
regarding Koreans and Japa nese espionage referred to in this research began in 1937. Regard-
ing the diaspora peoples (as fifth columnists), see Oleg V. Khlevniuk, Stalin: New Biography of
a Dictator (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2015), 156.
- J. Otto Pohl also noted the distinctiveness of article 5 of the Korean deportation
(in comparison with the other nationalities deportations). See J. Otto Pohl, Ethnic Cleans-
ing in the USSR, 1937–1949, 11–12.
- Wada, “Koreans in the Soviet Far East,” 50. Wealthy Koreans also crossed over
to Manchuria in large numbers during dekulakization in 1929–1931; see Martin, Affirma-
tive Action Empire, 323.
- Innokenti Zhinkhe Kim, Interview by Jon Chang, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan, July 3,
20 09.
- Wada “Koreans in the Soviet Far East,” 52, cites Japa nese archives and the case of
a Korean from Manchuria who collected intelligence for Japan in the RFE while hiding
among Koreans there. Although the Japa nese spy hid among Koreans, there is no evidence
that these RFE Koreans knew he was a spy or collaborated with him. The greater issue is
the securing of one’s borders.
- Document 99, as cited in Vanin, Koreitsy v SSSR, 218.
- Martin, Affirmative Action Empire, 323.
- For example, Koreans possessed one national raion and 182 village soviets. Each
village soviet consisted of up to nine separate villages. If twenty to twenty- five persons from
each village soviet crossed the Soviet borders, taking advantage of Article 5, the total is
around four thousand persons. Then another figure must be calculated for those who crossed
from Poset, the Korean national raion. My guess is that this number would be from one to five
thousand persons, but quite possibly up to fourteen thousand. Therefore, my upper limit is
fourteen thousand Koreans who might have crossed the Soviet borders in lieu of deportation.
- For Germans, see Bugai, Ikh nado deportirovat, 36–83, and Auman and Chebota-
reva, Istoriia Rossiiskikh Nemtsev v dokumentakh, 1763–1992 gg., 158–168. For Poles, see
Petrov and Roginskii, “The ‘Polish Operation’ of the NKVD, 1937–8,” 153–172.
- Shearer, Policing Stalin’s Socialism, 215–216.
- Kuzin, Dalnevostochnye Koreitsy, 164. Elena Ten, whose father was Korean and
mother Rus sian, was deported to Uzbekistan; see V. D. Kim, Pravda polveka spustia, 134.
- Bugai, Ikh nado deportirovat, 45.
- Li and Kim, Belaia kniga, 80.
- Chan Nim Kim, Interview by Jon Chang, Tashkent, Uzbekistan, May 23, 2009.
- Viktor Li Interview. Li stated that the Japa nese occupation created the harsh liv-
ing conditions.
- Maia and Vladimir Kim Interview (husband and wife), Interview by Jon Chang,
Kolkhoz Politotdel, Tashkent, Uzbekistan, September 14, 2009.
- See En Ho Lee Interview and Sergei Kim (Kolkhoz Stary Leninskii Put) Inter-
view. Sergei Kim stated 150 rubles.
- See Evgenia Tskhai Interview. Pyotr Pak was a neighbor of Evgenia Tskhai’s in
Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan, who was eleven when he and his family were deported.
