358 GEOffREY KRON
1.133–4). If we accept Hansen’s estimate of the Athenian population, this rep-
resents just around 43.5 drachmas per capita.^15 In order to put this into con-
text, as we must, the Venetian 6 percent tax on their own harbor produced
65,000 ducats in 1584 and 118,000 ducats in 1604,^16 implying trade of 3.35 and
6.08 million drachmas respectively, or 27 drachmas and 49 drachmas per capita,
if we convert Venetian ducats into drachmas using their purchasing power in
wheat equivalents.^17
More importantly, perhaps, this high level of trade activity was true not just
for Athens itself, but also for most of the states in its maritime empire, which,
even in the very difficult aftermath of the Sicilian defeat, and notwithstand-
ing constant naval warfare in Ionia, Caria, and the Hellespont, enjoyed an
extremely vigorous trade. While a few states in the empire may not have been
advanced commercial and trading economies, most seem to have been nearly
as developed as Athens itself. We can estimate maritime trade among the mem-
bers of the Delian league if we recall that the Athenians sought to raise their
tribute to 1,460–1,500 talents in 425 BCE (IG I^3 71, line 181), and assume that
they had a reasonable expectation that the 5 percent tax on the harbor trade of
the members of the league, which replaced the tribute ca. 413 BCE,^18 would
match, or perhaps exceed, this revenue target. This would imply a level of
trade of 180 million drachmas, excluding Athens, or 65.6 drachmas per capita,
assuming a population of the empire, essentially Ionia, the Cyclades, Thrace,
the Hellespont, and Black Sea, of 2.743 million in the late fifth century BCE,
based on Hansen’s recent estimates of the population of the principal Greek
poleis in the fourth century BCE.^19
These figures for Athens are almost certainly unrepresentatively low, which
is not surprising in a period of economic crisis,^20 but they are certainly real-
istic and credible, both in terms of Venetian trade, and that of the rest of the
Delian league, as well as the following estimates. An inscription from Delos
gives the revenue from the pentakoste as 14,200 dr. in 279 BCE and 17,900 dr.
in 280 BCE, corresponding to an overall trade of 895,000 dr. and 1,100,000
dr., respectively.^21 If we assume a population of around 25,000, we get trade per
capita figures of 38.5 and 44 dr., reasonable for a small island in the Cyclades
with an active port and sanctuary, but limited role in maritime commerce.
Polybius’ evidence about the harbor dues collected by Rhodes, which fell
from 1 million dr. to 150,000 dr. in the immediate aftermath of the Roman
state’s declaration that Delos would be a tax free port,^22 are also highly sig-
nificant. These figures imply 50 million dr. of trade flowing through Rhodes,
dropping to 7.5 million, which, if we take Beloch’s estimate of the Rhodian
population of 100,000,^23 would imply trade of 500 dr. and 75 dr. respectively.
We can see, therefore, comparable figures for trade per capita for Athens at
its nadir, the Athenian empire, and from Rhodes and Delos when their ports
were primarily serving their own domestic trade, giving us good reason for