NOTES TO PAGES 209–218 255We gratefully acknowledge the advice of Ian DuQuesnay and Richard Hunter.
Culpability for the views expressed is ours.3 The system is described by Quintilian in Instit. Orat. (early 90s). See Marrou
(1956); Bonner (1977). On rhetoric/oratory, see Bonner (1949); Syme (1958),
ch. 9; Kennedy (1972); Fairweather (1981), esp. 132–50. On second- century
developments, Champlin (1980); Bowersock (1969).
4 Boulanger (1923); Bowersock (1969).
5 Cf. Kenney (1982), 5ff.
6 Reardon (1971); Palm (1959); brief discussion in Easterling and Knox (1985),
642ff.
7 Strong (1961), pl. 35; Ryberg (1955), ch. 4 and passim. On developments in art
and architecture, Strong (1961); Brilliant (1963); MacDonald (1965); Pollitt
(1966); Boethius and Ward-Perkins (1970); Strong (1976). We owe thanks to
Janet Huskinson for assistance in this area.
8 For portraiture, see the herm of L. Caecilius Felix from the house of L. Caecilius
Iucundus in Pompeii (Naples Museum 110663); Ward-Perkins and Claridge
(1976), fi g. on p. 39; and in silverware, cups with Greek mythological scenes
(etc.), Strong (1966), 136ff. For the paintings, Strong (1976), 50ff.
9 Augustus: Vitruvius 1, pref. 2; Suetonius, Aug. 28.3ff., 31.5; Pollitt (1966),
104ff. Nero: Suetonius, Nero 31; Tacitus, Ann. 15.38ff.; Boethius (1960); Nash
(1968), vol. 1, 339ff.
10 For buildings of this period, Boethius and Ward-Perkins (1970), 217ff.;
MacDonald (1965), 47ff.
11 Brilliant (1963), 89ff., 105ff., 113ff., 118ff.
12 Post-Trajanic developments: Strong (1976), chs. 8–10; Boethius and Ward-
Perkins (1970), 264ff.
13 See e.g. CIL II 4319 (a Greek ‘educator’ at Tarraco), RIB 662–3 (Demetrius cf.
Ogilvie and Richmond, Comm. on Tacitus, Agricola , 32ff.), and about 300
metrical inscriptions surviving from north Africa, Champlin (1980), 17, 148 n. 86.
14 Spain: Griffi n (1972). Africa: Champlin (1980), ch. 1; Suetonius: Wallace-
Hadrill (1983), with CRAI 1952, 76–85 (Hippo Regius).
15 Apuleius: Tatum (1979); Winkler (1985).
16 E.g. ILAlg I 1363–4 (‘learned in both languages’); Apuleius, Flor. 9.29.
17 Grew and Hobley (1985).
18 Graindor (1930); Veyne (1976), 279ff.; Fouilles de Xanthos VII ch. 7 (Balland).
19 Oswald and Davies Pryce (1920); Toynbee (1964); Dunbabin (1978).
20 Bowman (1971); Millar (1971), 2–3. Trajan founded on the Lower Danube
both Roman colonies (Ratiaria and Oescus) and Greek poleis (Nicopolis ad
Istrum and Marcianopolis): Gerov (1980), 21ff.
21 Mouterde (1964).
22 Levick (1967); IGLS 6: 34ff. (Rey-Coquais).
23 Mouterde (1964), 173–4 (Probus), 175–6 (law school), with Migne, PG 10,
1065–6 (Gregory), Libanius, Or. 62.21–3, and Collinet (1925).