254 NOTES TO PAGES 192–209
11 Druids: Strabo 197–8; Caesar, BG 6.14; Suetonius, Claud. 25.5; Tacitus,
Hist. 4.18.3, 54.2; Chadwick (1966). German priestesses: Strabo 298; Tacitus,
Germ. 8.3; Hist. 4.61.2. Saturn: Leglay (1966).
12 Schürer (1973–79); Juster (1914); Smallwood (1976); Rabello (1980); Rajak
(1984). See Cicero, Flacc. 53ff.; Tacitus, Hist. 5.1ff.; cf. Pliny, HN 12.113,
13.46; Strabo 760–2.
13 For the Republican background, see North (1976) and (1979).
14 Malaise (1972), pt.V; briefl y, Liebeschuetz (1979), 179ff.
15 Halsberghe (1972) on Sol Invictus Elagabal.
16 Malaise (1972), 75ff., Gordon (1972), 103ff. on the social catchment of Isis and
Mithras, respectively. For a brief introduction to the cult of Mithras, see Nock
(1937), and for a full survey, see Beck (1984), espec. 2063ff., where, inter alia , it
is argued, with reference to Gordon (1975), that Mithras did not come from ‘the
East’.
17 References in Malaise (1972), 378–89, cf. 244–51.
18 Cramer (1954); Liebeschuetz (1979), 119–39; Xella (1976) (studies by Garosi
and Sabbatucci); Annequin (1980).
19 Garnsey (1984), 1–12.
20 On atheism, Drachmann (1922); on the persecution of Christians, de Ste. Croix
(1974); Barnes (1968); Frend (1965).
21 An effective critique of the traditional view in G.W. Clarke, The Letters of St.
Cyprian of Carthage (1984), I 21–25.
22 See Brunt (1979) on Marcus, Wilken (1984) and in more detail Labriolle (1948)
on pagan discussion of Christianity. For the Severan era as the period of ‘take
off’ for Christianity see Frend (1984), 272ff.
23 Nock (1933), e.g. 210; Dodds (1965), passim; Brown (1978), 1ff. (critique of
Dodds).
24 MacMullen (1984), 17–42. Support in e.g. Origen, 8.47 cf. 1.46.
25 For superstition among Christians see e.g. Cyprian Ep. 16 (a timely
divine monition), 22 (cult of martyrs), 39 (a vision), with Clarke, Cyprian ,
ad loc. Other references, also for Jews and pagans, in Brunt (1979),
497–8.
26 MacMullen (1984), 16.
27 Frend (1965), e.g. 456.
Notes to Chapter 12
1 Hicks (1911); Long (1971); Sandbach (1975); Brunt (1975b); M. Griffi n (1976);
Shaw (1985).
2 Syme (1939), ch. 30; Williams (1968), ch. 2; Johnson (1976), esp. 135–54; J.
Griffi n (1976); Sullivan (1976); Otis (1970), ch. 9; Syme (1978); Williams
(1978); Kenney (1982), chs. 15–42; Gold (1982); Woodman and West (1984).