12 continental south asia and the islands
the colour of the earth there was often red. Hirth and Rockhill^12
identify it as Siam (Thailand). But this does not agree with the Sui
shu statement 82:3a that Ch’ih-t’u in the north bordered on the great
ocean and that it apparently was an island. The location of Ch’ih-t’u
is therefore uncertain.
To-ho-lo: According to Chiu T’ang shu 197:3a, it bordered on P’an-
p’an in the south, on Chen-la in the east, and on the great ocean in
the west. Schafer^13 identifies it as Dv§ravati in southern Thailand.
This is contradicted by Hsin T’ang shu 222C:4a and Wen-hsien t’ung-k’ao
332:16a according to which To-ho-lo was reached from Canton in
5 months. That would mean a much greater distance than that from
Canton to Thailand.^14
T’ou-ho: According to Hsin T’ang shu 222C:4b and Wen-hsien t’ung-
k’ao 332:14a, it was situated on a great island in the southern ocean,
south of Chen-la and southwest of Canton, and reached by sea from
Canton in 100 days.
Chou-mei-liu: According to Sung shih 489:24a, travelling eastward
from this country one reached Champa after a journey of 50 days,
southeastward She-p’o after a journey of 45 days, and northeastward
Canton after a journey of 135 days.
P’o-li: According to Sui shu 82:7b, one reached this state after having
passed Ch’ih-t’u. According to Chiu T’ang shu 197:2a, it was situated
on an island southeast of Lin-yi. According to T’ang hui-yao 99:11b, it
was a country in the southern wilderness, situated southeast of Lin-yi,
about 10,000 li distant by sea. According to Hirth and Rockhill,^15 it
was probably situated on the Malay Peninsula. Schafer says that P’o-li
was Bali.^16 In short, there is a complete lack of agreement.
Lo-ch’a: According to Wen-hsien t’ung-k’ao 332:12b, it was situated
east of the P’o-li state. Since the location of P’o-li is uncertain, the
same is true for Lo-ch’a.^17
San-fo-ch’i or Shi-li-fo-shih: According to Sung shih 489:12a, it was
a neighbour of Champa, situated between Chen-la and She-p’o and
separated from all three of them by the sea. According to Chao Ju-
(^12) Op.cit., p.8.
(^13) Golden Peaches, p.237.
(^14) See also below sub T’o-huan and Ko-lo-she.
(^15) Chau Ju-kua p.280.
(^16) Golden Peaches, p.26.
(^17) Needham, Science and Civilisation, vol.4:1, p.115 note e, identifies it with Pahang
on the east coast of Malaya.