468 the turkic tribes
title of king of Tun-huang commandery. Yen-lu was appointed Mili-
tary Commissioner and his younger brothers Yen-sheng and Yen-jui
as Inspector and as Chief Inspector of the Headquarters respectively
(Wen-hsien t’ung-k’ao 335:35a).
In 999, Sha chou offered gifts (Sung shih 6:8b).
In 1001, the Sung recognized Yen-lu as king (Wen-hsien t’ung-k’ao
335:35a).
In 1002, Ts’ao Yen-lu and his brother Yen-jui were killed by their
nephew Tsung-shou who then took control of Sha chou. He sent envoys
to the Sung court to offer gifts. Emperor Chen-tsung appointed him
Military Commissioner and his son Hsien-shun Commander-in-chief
of the Headquarter. Tsung-shou’s younger brother Tsung-yün was
made Acting Supervisor of the Left of the Masters of Writing and
Administrator, (Sung shih 6:16a; Wen-hsien t’ung-k’ao 335:35a).
In 1004, Sha chou offered gifts to the Sung court (Sung shih 7:7b).
In the 8th month (Aug./Sep.) of 1006,^120 envoys from the king of
Sha chou, Ts’ao [Tsung-]shou to the Liao court offered Arabian horses
and beautiful jade, for which they received garments, silver vessels,
and other objects (Liao shih 14:7a).
In 1006, Emperor Sheng-tsung of Liao recognized Ts’ao [Tsung-]
shou as king of Sha chou.^121
In 1007, Sha chou offered gifts to the Sung court (Sung shih 9:
15b).
Ts’ao Tsung-shou died in about 1014. The Sung appointed his
son and successor Ts’ao Hsien-shun as Military Commissioner and
his younger brother Hsien-hui as Acting Master of Writing of the
Ministry of Punishments. Hsien-shun requested from the Sung court
theTripitaka in Golden Chacters, brick tea, and drugs. All were provided
(Wen-hsien t’ung-k’ao 335:35a-35b).
On May 22, 1014, envoys from the Sha chou Uighur Ts’ao [Hsien-]
shun to the Liao court offered gifts (Liao shih 15:7b; 70:14a). It is
important to note the the terminology of Liao shih, showing that by
this time Sha chou and its ruling house had been uighurized.
On July 27, 1020, Sheng-tsung of Liao sent envoys to offer garments
and other objects to the king of Sha chou Uighurs, Ts’ao [Hsien-]shun
(Liao shih 16:4b; 70:15a).
(^120) By Liao shih 70:12a dated 6th month (June/July).
(^121) This is mentioned in a tomb inscription. See Wittfogel, Liao, p.226 note 4.