A History of Ancient Near Eastern Law
for the duration of the marriage, to be restored to the wife on divorce or widowhood. Its legal status during the marriage would ...
6.2.5.2 Marital Gifts Gifts of property from husband to wife, mostly post-nuptial, are fre- quently attested. The gift took effe ...
basis of contract in any or all of the systems of the region remains an enigma. There are two reasons: the lack of theoretical d ...
7.2 Features of Contract 7.2.1 The records, whether cuneiform, hieratic, Demotic, or Aramaic, share the same basic structure: th ...
future performance. Likewise, the provisions in decrees and law codes that regulate contractual obligations intervene in complet ...
7.2.8 Documents recording the standard contractual forms may also record a promissory oath by one or both parties. For the most ...
drawn with extreme caution. The reason could be that the relevant obligations became implied in the standard contract or that th ...
7.4 Typology 7.4.1 The core contracts that are found in any modern legal sys- tem are present in the ancient Near East: sale, hi ...
7.5.2 The penalties set by the contracts themselves were not confined to the pecuniary. Even pecuniary penalties could be imposs ...
7.6 Social Justice^47 A special feature of the ancient Near Eastern systems was the inter- vention of the king or the courts to ...
ideological agenda of the biblical codes is obvious, but the cuneiform codes, some of which served the purposes of royal propaga ...
courts of law and legislatures, introduced in the first instance limits on revenge. The next stage was that composition, an agre ...
If there is anywhere in the ancient Near East where pre-state con- ditions could be said to have prevailed, it is in relations b ...
the mental element. This is due, however, to their casuistic structure, which leads to a great deal of information being omitted ...
of an adulterer (MAL A 15). Note stinging by bees for stealing a hive (HL 92) and the strikingly visual consequences for a prost ...
8.6.1.1 Offenses against the Gods Offenses against the gods constitute what, in modern parlance, would be called sins. Examples ...
8.6.1.2.1 It is to be noted that collective punishment was a rare form of punishment, which is associated only with offenses aga ...
This is the most complex category, involving redress on several levels. The basic approach (in my view, and in this I differ fun ...
against the gods. The pollution might not be as widespread as in serious crimes of the previous category, but the authorities ha ...
death or injury, the punishment was “ironic”—his hand was cut off (LH 218). A scholarly problem found in several codes is a blow ...
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