A History of Ancient Near Eastern Law

(Romina) #1

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  1. Unconditional devotion to the Assyrian king:^42 “loving” him “like
    oneself ”^43 and “falling and dying” for him.^44 This provision is well
    attested in contemporary royal letters as well.^45

  2. Obligation to report any developments threatening the safety of the
    Empire or the monarchy to the central government.^46 That this
    provision was included in every vassal treaty is implied by the
    numerous reports from vassal rulers extant in the Assyrian royal
    correspondence.

  3. Harmonizing one’s foreign policy with that of Assyria. This provi-
    sion involved “hating” the enemies of the Assyrian king^47 and refrain-
    ing from any communication^48 or from any alliance with them.^49

  4. Military cooperation with Assyria.^50 The obligation of the vassals
    to go to war with Assyria is very well attested in royal inscriptions
    and also in letters to the king.^51

  5. Extradition of fugitives from Assyria seeking asylum in a vassal or
    allied countries (see 4.2.2).^52 This obligation is also well attested in
    Assyrian royal correspondence and letters to god.^53

  6. Accepting a royal deputy (qèpu). This provision, which effectively
    curtailed the sovereignty of the vassal state, is attested only in two
    treaties of the corpus,^54 but other contemporary evidence implies
    that it must have been included in many other treaties as well.^55

  7. Accepting Ashur as the supreme god. This provision is attested only
    in the succession treaty of Esarhaddon, where it parallels the oblig-
    ation to accept the future king, Assurbanipal, as the supreme ruler
    of the Empire.^56 Since this treaty was certainly imposed on at least
    eight vassal rulers, it is not unlikely that a similar provision was
    included in many other treaties as well.

  8. Commercial regulations. Detailed provisions related to trade are
    attested only in a treaty with Tyre (SAA 2 5), but it is clear that
    corresponding terms must have been included in many other treaties
    as well.


(^42) SAA 2 2 iii 23–25; 3: 4; 4 r. 9; 6: 53, 152, 169, and 266; 7 r. 5; 9: 5 and
32; see also the letter ABL 539 quoting a treaty, cited ibid., xxxii.
(^43) SAA 2 6: 266; 9:32. Cf. Levinson, “Deuteronomy 13: 10...”
(^44) SAA 2 6: 55 and 230–31.
(^45) See, e.g., ABL 539.
(^46) SAA 2 3: 3; 4: 7; 6: 83, 122, 152, 158, 349, 507; 8: 12, 17; 9:6–16; 13 iii 16–17.
(^47) SAA 2 9: 32 (restored); cf. ABL 998 r. 5–9.
(^48) SAA 2 9: 6–9 and r. 32; 10 r. 3–4; 13 iii 3–9.
(^49) SAA 2 6: 173–76, 498–89; 9: 20–21; 13 ii 3–4; also ABL 539: 24–25.
(^50) SAA 2 1: 2–3; 2 iv 1–3; 9: 23–25.
(^51) E.g., SAA 5 199 r. 9–15, and 200 r. 5–16.
(^52) SAA 2 1: 13; 2 iii 21–23; cf. 6: 136–38, 8 r. 24, 9: 12–16.
(^53) E.g., Borger Esarh., 103–4; SAA 5 35: 18.
(^54) SAA 2 5 iii 6–14 and 9: 11–12 (partially restored).
(^55) Cf., e.g., SAA 5 106 and 107.
(^56) SAA 2 6: 393–94.
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