America\'s Military Adversaries. From Colonial Times to the Present

ing around the Hornet’s Nest. He then trans- ferred back to Arkansas as commander of the newly created Trans-Mississippi Departm ...

HITLER, ADOLF Hitler, Adolf (April 20, 1889–April 30, 1945) German Dictator H itler was a charis- matic, forceful leader who led ...

crisis. By 1932, the Nazis crossed a major po- litical threshold when they became the major- ity party in government. Hitler’s p ...

little difficulty. When the Italian forces of Benito Mussolini were defeated by the British in North Africa, Gen. Erwin Rommel w ...

of contemporaries, but it arrived too late and in too little quantity to affect events. In December 1944, Hitler gambled his las ...

the 33rd North Carolina. On March 14, 1862, Hoke fought conspicuously at the defeat of New Bern, North Carolina, and was the onl ...

tainly one of the better Confederate leaders of his grade. His memory was perpetuated by the creation of Hoke County, North Caro ...

tempts at negotiating peace. In his final pre- war assignment, Homma directed the block- ade of foreign concessions at Tientsin ...

junior officers took it upon themselves to bru- talize American and Philippine prisoners of war during what became known as the ...

perior officers, Albert S. Johnston and Robert E. Lee. Unlike many contem- poraries, Hood showed no hesitation about re- signing ...

sea, Hood advanced northward into Ten- nessee and against two former West Point classmates. On November 30, 1864, the Con- feder ...

rounding Cape Horn, Africa. Despite his youth he proved adept as a sailor, and in 1745 he ad- vanced to lieutenant. In 1747, whi ...

Admiral Howe’s first task was to land William’s army on Long Island, New York, in order to drive Washington’s army from the re- ...

successful action against the Brest Fleet her- alded as the Glorious First of June (1794), wherein 26 enemy ships were dismasted ...

Parliament. In 1759, Howe accompanied the army of Gen. James Wolfe during the epic campaign against Quebec. On the night of Sep- ...

being reinforced by his brother, Admiral Howe. The general had all but abandoned ne- gotiating a peace settlement, but Richard p ...

also engaged in a fierce war of pamphlets be- tween himself, Burgoyne, and Lord Germain. Howe subsequently spent the next four y ...

Following the commence- ment of the Mexican- American War in 1846, he joined an army forming under Gen. Winfield Scott, who appo ...

Johnston did as ordered but, being outnum- bered, fell back to Richmond with Union forces in slow pursuit. Several severe skir- ...

HUSSEIN, SADDAM Hussein, Saddam (April 28, 1937–) Iraqi Dictator H ussein, a ruthless political survivor, conducted the 1991 Gul ...