came chief of the General Staff, with the rank of lieutenant general.
Lipkin-Shahak retired from the IDF in 1998 and entered politics. He
was elected a member of the Knesset (1999–2003) and also served as
minister of tourism (1999–2000).LISHANSKY, YOSEF (1890–1917).Born in Russia, Lishansky immi-
grated to Israel as a six-year-old child with his family, who settled in
Metullah in the Galilee. For two years he worked with Ha’Shomer, the
“Watchman” organization, guarding Jewish colonies in the Sharon
Plain. Upon being refused full membership in the group, he estab-
lished a second organization called Ha’Magen (“The Shield”) to pro-
tect settlements in the south. In 1915, he joined the NILI espionage
group and went on to become one of its key figures. In October 1917,
after the Turkish police discovered the NILI group, Lishansky escaped
and hoped to find refuge with Ha’Shomer. Disapproving of his polit-
ical outlook, however, Ha’Shomer decided to kill him and turn his
body over to the Turkish authorities. Lishansky escaped once more,
only to be found by Bedouins near Rishon Le-Zion. They handed him
over to the Turkish governor of Jerusalem, who had him transferred to
Damascus. There he was hanged by the Turks in the main square af-
ter being found guilty of membership in NILI.LISHKAT HA’KESHER.See NATIV.LITERATURE AND PUBLICATIONS (LAP)/LOHAMA PSYCHO-
LOGIT.See MOSSAD.LOTZ, WOLFGANG (1921–1993).Lotz was born in Germany to a
Jewish actress and a Christian theater director. Neither parent felt any
closeness to their respective religion, so his mother did not even have
her son circumcised, which later proved advantageous in Lotz’s subse-
quent career as a spy. Lotz’s parents divorced in 1931, and with Adolf
Hitler’s rise to power in Germany in 1933, the boy and his mother im-
migrated to Palestine. She resumed her acting career in Tel Aviv. Wolf-
gang, who Hebraized his name to Ze’ev (“Wolf”) Gur-Aryeh, went to
the Ben-Shemen agricultural school. He joined the Haganah under-
ground militia in the period before the establishment of the State of Is-
rael when he was not yet 15 years old. His duties included guarding theLOTZ, WOLFGANG• 16106-102 (03) H-P.qxd 3/24/06 7:24 AM Page 161