and the American Presidency. Intelligence played a minor, but significant, role
in America’s continental expansion, explored in Stephen E. Ambrose’s Un-
daunted Courage: Meriwether Lewis, Thomas Jefferson, and the Opening of the
American Westand A. Brooke Caruso’s The Mexican Spy Company: United
States Covert Operations in Mexico, 1845–1848. In my view, the definitive
work on the role of intelligence during the Civil War is Alan Axelrod’s The War
between the Spies: A History of Espionage during the American Civil War.
Most scholars trace the founding of modern American intelligence to the pe-
riod just following the end of the Civil War. Significant works in this are James
C. Bradford’s Crucible of Empire: The Spanish-American War and Its After-
mathand Brian M. Linn’s The U.S. Army and Counterinsurgency in the Philip-
pine War, 1899–1902. American policymakers began viewing American intelli-
gence, and its specific aspects, as worthy enterprises only after World War I,
covered in Herbert O. Yardley’s The American Black Chamber. Of course, the
authoritative work on the failure of American intelligence to predict the Japan-
ese Pearl Harbor attack is Roberta Wohlstetter’s Pearl Harbor: Warning and
Decision. For insights into the Office of Strategic Services and its director,
“Wild Bill” Donovan, I would recommend Stewart Alsop and Thomas Braden’s
Sub Rosa: The OSS and American Espionageand Thomas F. Troy’s Wild Bill
and Intrepid: Bill Donovan, Bill Stephenson, and the Origin of CIA.
Since there is a plethora of good sources on intelligence during and after
the Cold War, I am restricting myself to recommending books on and the
memoirs of some notable personages of American intelligence as starting
points for research in this area. Edward G. Lansdale’s In the Midst of Wars:
An American’s Mission to Southeast Asiaand Thomas Powers’s The Man
Who Kept the Secrets: Richard Helms and the CIA are worthy for the period
from the 1950s until the early 1970s. Richard Helms and William Hood’s A
Look over My Shoulder: A Life in the Central Intelligence Agencyis an ex-
cellent source for the troubles of the 1970s. Duane R. Clarridge’s A Spy for
All Seasons: My Life in the CIA and Joseph E. Persico’s Caseycover the Iran-
Contra Affair and the Nicaragua debacle in reasonable detail, while Robert
M. Gates’s From the Shadows: The Ultimate Insider’s Story of Five Presi-
dents and How They Won the Cold Waris a good resource for materials on the
dissolution of the Soviet Union and the role of intelligence in bringing down
America’s Cold War foe.
Scholarship in intelligence studies also comes in the form of journal articles.
The International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence, Intelligence
and National Security, American Intelligence Journal, Cryptologia, and Studies
in Intelligence, the CIA’s house journal, all contain superb source materials on
intelligence in all its aspects. Moreover, journalists have made an immense con-
tribution to the literature of American intelligence. Space limitations prevent me232 • BIBLIOGRAPHY05-398 (5) Bib.qxd 10/20/05 6:28 AM Page 232