Confucian Statecraft and Korean Institutions. Yu Hyongwon and the Late Choson Dynasty - James B. Palais
NOTES TO CHAPTER 4 1043
- See ibid. I 2:28a for examples.
- Ch'en quoted Liu I's famous statement that "Among the lower p 'in grades no impor-
tant households were to be found, and among the highp'in grades no mean families were
to be found." Ibid. 12:28b.
- Ibid. 12:28b.
- Ibid. 12:27b.
- Ibid. 12:27b-28a. The emperor, by the way, did not adopt Fu's recommendation.
- Ibid. 12:29a.
- Ibid. 12:rob, 29a.
5 I. Ibid. 12: rob.
- Ibid. 14: I la-b.
- Ibid. 12:29b. See also Tu Yu's complaint in the T'ung-tien that the Chung-cheng
graded people only according to aristocratic status (men-fa, munhOi in Korean). Ibid. 12:6a.
- Ibid. ro:5a.
- Ibid. ro:5b.
- Ibid. !2:4b-6a.
- Ibid. !2:4b-5a, 26b-27a; also the memorial of Wei Piao of the early first century
A.D., I2:26a. For coverage of complaints about the examination system in China, see
Chaffee, Thorny Gates of Learning in Sung China; Peter K. Bol, "Chu Hsi's Redefini-
tion of Literati Learning," in de Bary and Chaffee, eds., Neo-Confucian Education, pp.
151-85; de Bary, "Chu Hsi's Aims as an Educator," in de Bary and Chaffee, eds., Neo-
Confucian Education, pp. 186-2 I 8.
- PGSR 12:6a, 12a-14a.
- Arthur F. Wright and Denis Twitchett, eds., Perspectives on the T'ang (New Haven,
Conn.: Yale University Press, 1973), pp. 4-7, 26-27,47-49,52-58,63-68,78-82. In
Twitchett's opinion, although the examinations still produced only a small fraction of
the total posts in the rang bureaucracy, the real breakthrough came as a result of more
opportunities for employment in provincial administration. Ibid., p. 79.
- PGSR !2:30a-b, by Li E.
- Ibid. !2:37a, cf. similar remarks ofTu Yu in ibid. !2:4Ia. For other statements,
see ibid. 12:30a-b, 37a, 33b-34a. The Ministry of Personnel located only in the capital
would never be able to gain sufficient information to discipline the magistrates because
it judged merit exclusively on literary talent and rank, let alone the deceptions of candi-
dates who illicitly hired skillful writers to take tests for them or paid bribes to clerks.
PGSR 12:35b, 39a. See the remarks of Lu Chih during the reign of Te-tsung in the early
790S, ibid. 14:33b-35b.
- Ibid. 12:35b, 39a.
- Ibid. 12: 14a.
- Ibid. 12:39a-b.
- Ibid. !2:37a-b.
- Ibid. !2:39b, 37a-b.
- Ibid. [2:32b. He calculated that this figure would adequately fill the roughly 14,000
posts of the early rang bureaucracy since that the average official career was about
thirty years.
