NOTES TO CHAPTER 12 1101- Yi T'aejin. Han 'guk kunjesa (1977), pp. 159-62; idem, Choson hugi, pp. 215-1 8.
Thc post of commander remained until King Yongjo restorcd thc Yusu system in thc
eighteenth century.
CHAPTER 12. The Search for Alternative Modes of Military FinanceT. For the above discussion, see Ch'a Munsop, "Imnan ihu iii yangyok kwa kyunyokp'op
iii songnip" [Thc yangyok system from the Imjin wars and thc estahlishment of the equal
service systeml. Silhak ylin 'gu, pI. 2, I I (July 1961):97-102: Chong Yonsik, "Sipch'il-
sippal segi yangyok kyunilhwa chOngch'ack iJi ch'uui" [The trend in policy toward uni-
form lahor service tax on men of good status in the seventeenth and eightcenth ccnturiesl,
Han 'guksaron 13 (August 1985): 1 24. For a discussion of the changes in thc meaning of
yuhak and other terms for students and scholars see Young-ho Ch'oe [Ch'oe Yonghol,
"Yuhak, haksaeng, kyosaeng-go" [A study ofruhak, haksaeng. and hosaeng] Yoksa hakpo
101 (March 1984):1-21.
- An Chongbok, "Kun'guk ch'ongnok ITotal national statistics]. in Chaptong sail';
[Miscellaneous information] (Seoul: Han'gukhak munhon yon'guso, ed., Han'gukhak
kosajon ch'ongso series, 1981), p. 446, cited in Chong Yonsik, "Yangyok kyunilhwa," p. - The statistics are undated, hut the note to the t1rst entry on p. 446 mentions the Sok-
taejrJn law code published in 1746. - An Chongbok. Chap(ong san 'i [Miscellaneous information I Han'gukhak yon'guso.
cd., Han'gukhak kosajon ch'ongso series. 191\ [). pp. 446-47. The 6.316 soldiers of the
Military Training Agency were presumably permanent, salaried soldiers. The figures for
soldiers for the other four divisions includes the aides or P'yohagun. The Defense Com-
mand and Anti-Manchu Division were evidently not financcd by support taxpayers except
for 2,468 assigned to the 1,022 aides of the Anti-Manchu Division. - These includcd the following types: support taxpayers of rotating duty soldiers of
each (divisional?) headquarters, ivory soldicrs (abyong) who paid taxes instead of serv-
ing on rotation, the total of single equipment taxpayers assigned to each rotating duty
soldier of the Royal Division and Forbidden Guard Division, ibid., p. 446. - Ibid.
- Ibid., pp. 446-47. There were approximately 110,000 sog'o soldiers in 1641 and
200,000 in 1711. Ch'a Munsop, "Imnan ihu iii yangyok," pI. 2, p. 96.
The total of all subcategories in An's statistics comes to 1,412,638, which is vastly
larger than his announced grand total of 1 ,083,784, so either he or I have double-counted
somewhere. If we were to assume that sog'o slave soldiers and slave post-station work-
ers arc not included in his announced total of 1,083,784, this would reduce the total of
subcategories to T, 1 5 I .502. Thc discrepancy is now reduced to 68,000, but there are no
other categories that could be suspected of douhle counting.
[fthe percentage ofsOR() soldiers plus slave post-station workcrs is calculated as a per-
centage of 1 -4 million men, it comes to 19 percent; if the lesser total of 1,083,784 is taken,
then 24 percent of all servicemen and taxpayers were of base status. This is considerably
lower than Yu Hyongwon's estimate in the seventcenth century, but nonetheless consid-
erable. Yu, however, may have been comparing different quantities.