Confucian Statecraft and Korean Institutions. Yu Hyongwon and the Late Choson Dynasty - James B. Palais

I I 18 NOTES TO CHAPTER 17

about 44 percent, the highest percentage of all. Later in 1460, only about IO percent or
46 of the then 430 chief clerk positions were ch ea or salaried posts, mainly because of
fiscal shortages. Rotation of shifts occurred more frequently so that chief clerks got only
half of their previous income. Han Yong'u, "Choson ch'ogi sanggup sori 'Songjungg-
wan,'" pp. 70-78.

57. Yu appeared to have been following the view of Ch'iu Chiln that although crimi-
    nals were reputedly enslaved and used for penal labor as runners (Tsui-li), it would not
    have been appropriate for the classical age. PGSR 18:26a.


58. Ibid. 15:31b-33a.


59. Ibid. 15:33a-34a.


60. Yu briefly traced the history of official rank in China in ibid. 18: I 1a-I2b.


61. Ibid. 18:22b-23b.


62. Ibid. 15:25b.


63. Ibid. 15:25a-b.


64. Ibid. 25:3a-5b.


65. Ibid. 25:27b-28b.


66. Ibid. 25:26b-28b.


67. Ibid. 25:3 1b-33b.


68. Ibid. 25:34a-36a.


69. Ibid. 25:36b.


70. Ibid. 25:36b-37b.


71. Ibid. 25:37b-38a; Han Paekkyom, Kuam yugo [The leftover writings of Han
    PaekkyomJ (Seoul: Yorhwadang, 1972), pp. 26-38.


72. PGSR 25:44a-45b.


73. Ibid. 25:45a. The North Korean translation of this section toned down the remark
    about converting barbarians to Chinese culture to "convert those of backward culture."
    Pan'gye surok 4 (Pyongyang: Kwahagwon ch'ulp'ansa, 1963):332.


74. PGSR 25:44a, 45 a-b.


75. Han Yong'u also cited So Kojong's remark in 1473 that the clerks and runners (i.e.,
    the Fu, Shih, Hsil, and Tu of Chou times) were members of the scholarly stream (saryu).
    Han Yong'u, "Choson ch'ogi sanggup sori 'Songjunggwan,'" pp. 78-82.


76. PGSR 15:31b; Han Yong'u dated the beginning of prejudice against technical offi-
    cials and specialists to 1477, even though Kim Chongjik, the intellectual father of the
    later opponents of merit subjects and King Yonsan'gun, made similar remarks in 1464.
    "Choson ch'ogi sanggup sori 'Songjunggwan,'" pp. 65-67.

CHAPTER 17. Personnel Policy

I. PGSR 25:3a-5b.

2. Ibid. 14:1b-2b, 41a-b. For recommendation in the Chou dynasty, see E. A. Kracke,
   Jr., Civil Service in Early Sung China, 96o-I067 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press,
   1953), pp. 6-7·


3. PGSR 14:3b-4a; 41b-42b.